Para-coumaric acid (p-CA) is a plant derived secondary metabolite belonging to the phenolic compounds. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and found mainly in fruits, vegetables, and cereals. Various in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed its scavenging and antioxidative properties in the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. This evidence-based review focuses on the protective role of p-CA including its therapeutic potential. p-CA and its conjugates possesses various bioactivities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-melanogenic properties. Due to its potent free radical scavenging activity, it can mitigate the ill effects of various diseases including arthritis, neurological disorders, and cardio-vascular diseases. Recent studies have revealed that p-CA can ameliorate the harmful effects associated with oxidative stress in the reproductive system, also by inhibiting enzymes linked with erectile function.

Department of Animal Morphology Physiology and Genetics Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno 61300 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Applied Physics School of Science Aalto University 00076 Espoo Finland

Department of Biotechnology School of Engineering and Technology Sharda University Greater Noida 201310 India

Department of Botany University of Calcutta Kolkata 700019 India

Department of Environmental Studies Institute of Graduate Studies and Research Alexandria University Alexandria 21526 Egypt

Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics Assam University Silchar 788011 India

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Assam University Silchar 788011 India

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Division of Pharmacognosy Jadavpur University Kolkata 700032 India

Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra 949 76 Nitra Slovakia

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