Heavy metals are naturally occurring components of the Earth's crust and persistent environmental pollutants. Human exposure to heavy metals occurs via various pathways, including inhalation of air/dust particles, ingesting contaminated water or soil, or through the food chain. Their bioaccumulation may lead to diverse toxic effects affecting different body tissues and organ systems. The toxicity of heavy metals depends on the properties of the given metal, dose, route, duration of exposure (acute or chronic), and extent of bioaccumulation. The detrimental impacts of heavy metals on human health are largely linked to their capacity to interfere with antioxidant defense mechanisms, primarily through their interaction with intracellular glutathione (GSH) or sulfhydryl groups (R-SH) of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and other enzyme systems. Although arsenic (As) is believed to bind directly to critical thiols, alternative hydrogen peroxide production processes have also been postulated. Heavy metals are known to interfere with signaling pathways and affect a variety of cellular processes, including cell growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, and apoptosis. For example, cadmium can affect the BLC-2 family of proteins involved in mitochondrial death via the overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and the suppression of proapoptotic (BAX, BAK) mechanisms, thus increasing the resistance of various cells to undergo malignant transformation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important regulator of antioxidant enzymes, the level of oxidative stress, and cellular resistance to oxidants and has been shown to act as a double-edged sword in response to arsenic-induced oxidative stress. Another mechanism of significant health threats and heavy metal (e.g., Pb) toxicity involves the substitution of essential metals (e.g., calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe)) with structurally similar heavy metals (e.g., cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)) in the metal-binding sites of proteins. Displaced essential redox metals (copper, iron, manganese) from their natural metal-binding sites can catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide via the Fenton reaction and generate damaging ROS such as hydroxyl radicals, causing damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Conversely, some heavy metals, such as cadmium, can suppress the synthesis of nitric oxide radical (NO·), manifested by altered vasorelaxation and, consequently, blood pressure regulation. Pb-induced oxidative stress has been shown to be indirectly responsible for the depletion of nitric oxide due to its interaction with superoxide radical (O2·-), resulting in the formation of a potent biological oxidant, peroxynitrite (ONOO-). This review comprehensively discusses the mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity and their health effects. Aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) and their roles in the development of gastrointestinal, pulmonary, kidney, reproductive, neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), cardiovascular, and cancer (e.g. renal, lung, skin, stomach) diseases are discussed. A short account is devoted to the detoxification of heavy metals by chelation via the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), dimercaprol (BAL), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonic acid (DMPS), and penicillamine chelators.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• bioakumulace MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxidační stres * účinky léků   MeSH
• těžké kovy * toxicita   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Nucleus pulposus cells (NPC) are important for the development of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). miR-4478 can aggravate IVDD, but whether it can aggravate IVDD by regulating ferroptosis in NPC remains unclear. The optimal level of ferroptosis activator RSL3 for eliciting ferroptosis in NPC was screened by Western blot and CCK-8 assay. The targeting relationship between miR-4478 and its potential target solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) was explored based on dual luciferase assay. On this basis, IVDD models were constructed. After over-expression or knockdown of miR-4478 or SLC7A11, CCK-8 and calcein-AM/PI assays were employed to evaluate cell damage. Flow cytometry, Western blot and Prussian blue staining were employed to evaluate oxidation and ferroptosis levels, and histopathological staining was applied to evaluate the intervertebral disc tissue injury degree. The optimal concentration of RSL3 was 1 μM. Under these conditions, miR-4478 or SLC7A11 can be effectively over-expressed or knocked down after transfection. Knockdown of miR-4478 can improve the survival rate of NPC, the level of Fe2+ ions, improve the pathological damage of intervertebral disc structure, reduce iron deposition in tissues, and significantly reduce expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ferroptosis-related protein. The levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased. When miR-4478 was over-expressed, the above phenomenon was reversed. On this basis, after SLC7A11 was over-expressed, the effect of miR-4478 up-regulation was weakened, and NPC ferroptosis was improved. miR-4478 can target SLC7A11 to promote NPC damage, peroxide accumulation and iron metabolism disorders, leading to ferroptosis, thereby inducing IVDD.

• MeSH
• degenerace meziobratlové ploténky * metabolismus   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• ferroptóza * genetika   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikro RNA * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• nucleus pulposus * metabolismus   patologie   cytologie   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• transportní systém aminokyselin y+ * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

UNLABELLED: Schizophrenia is a complex disorder characterized by altered brain functional connectivity, detectable during both task and resting state conditions using different neuroimaging methods. To this day, electroencephalography (EEG) studies have reported inconsistent results, showing both hyper- and hypo-connectivity with diverse topographical distributions. Interpretation of these findings is complicated by volume-conduction effects, where local brain activity fluctuations project simultaneously to distant scalp regions (zero-phase lag), inducing spurious inter-electrode correlations. AIM: In the present study, we explored the network dynamics of schizophrenia using a novel functional connectivity metric-corrected imaginary phase locking value (ciPLV)-which is insensitive to changes in amplitude as well as interactions at zero-phase lag. This method, which is less prone to volume conduction effects, provides a more reliable estimate of sensor-space functional network connectivity in schizophrenia. METHODS: We employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing resting state EEG recordings from two adult groups: individuals diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia (n = 30) and a control group of healthy participants (n = 30), all aged between 18 and 55 years old. RESULTS: Our observations revealed that schizophrenia is characterized by a prevalence of excess theta (4-8 Hz) power localized to centroparietal electrodes. This was accompanied by significant alterations in inter- and intra-hemispheric functional network connectivity patterns, mainly between frontotemporal regions within the theta band and frontoparietal regions within beta/gamma bands. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that patients with schizophrenia demonstrate long-range electrophysiological connectivity abnormalities that are independent of spectral power (i.e., volume conduction). Overall, distinct hemispheric differences were present in frontotemporo-parietal networks in theta and beta/gamma bands. While preliminary, these alterations could be promising new candidate biomarkers of chronic schizophrenia.

• MeSH
• chronická nemoc MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie * metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek patofyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• nervová síť patofyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• odpočinek fyziologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• schizofrenie * patofyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Whippleova choroba (WD) je vzácné multisystémové onemocnění způsobené aktinomycetou Tropheryma whipplei s varia- bilním klinickým průběhem. V prodromálním stadiu se typicky projevuje artralgiemi, v symptomatickém stadiu pacienti nejčastěji trpí gastrointestinálními projevy (chronický průjem, abdominalgie, váhový úbytek). Základem diagnostiky je endoskopická biopsie duodena. Definitivním potvrzením diagnózy je v současnosti PCR. Léčba je založena na dlouhodobé antibiotické terapii. Tato kazuistika pojednává o 65leté ženě s nově diagnostikovanou WD s těžkou malnutricí, u které se manifestovaly revmatologické a hematologické projevy, a popisuje naši terapeutickou a nutriční intervenci.

Whipple's Disease (WD) is a rare multisystem disorder caused by the actinomycete Tropheryma whipplei, characterized by a diverse clinical presentation. The prodromal stage is often characterized by arthralgia, while the symptomatic stage predominantly manifests with gastrointestinal symptoms such as chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Duodenal biopsy remains the cornerstone of diagnosis, with PCR analysis providing a definitive confirmation. Treatment involves long-term antibiotic therapy. This case report describes a 65-year-old woman newly diagnosed with WD, presenting with severe malnutrition and notable rheumatological and hematological symptoms, outlining our therapeutic and nutritional interventions.

• MeSH
• ceftriaxon aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• podvýživa etiologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Tropheryma MeSH
• Whippleova nemoc * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

To explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of Mdivi-1 on three common clinical models of acute kidney injury (AKI). Three common AKI cell models were constructed, classified into the control group (human renal tubular epithelial cells [HK-2] cells), the Iohexol group (HK-2 cells treated with Iohexol), the Genta group (HK-2 cells treated with Gentamicin), and the Cis group (HK-2 cells treated with Cisplatin). To explore the optimal protective concentration of Mdivi-1 for each AKI cell model, the experimental design consisted of the following seven groups: the control group (HK-2 cells cultured in medium), three injury groups (HK-2 cells subjected to Iohexol, Gentamicin, or Cisplatin), and the corresponding protection groups (with a certain concentration of Mdivi-1 added to each injury group). Cellular survival and apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and the expression of recombinant Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) in each group were measured. Mitochondrial fission and fusion dynamics in cells were observed under an electron microscope. To explore relevant pathways, the changes in relevant pathway proteins were analyzed through Western blotting. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were 150.06 mgI/ml at 6 h in the Iohexol group, 37.88 mg/ml at 24 h in the Gentamicin group, and 13.48 microM at 24 h in the Cisplatin group. Compared with the control group, the three injury groups showed increased cell apoptosis rates and higher expressions of apoptotic proteins in HK-2 cells, with an accompanying decrease in cell migration. After the addition of corresponding concentrations of Mdivi-1, the optimal concentrations were 3 μM in the Iohexo-3 group, 1 microM in the Genta-1 group, and 5 μM in the Cis-5 group, HK-2 cells showed the highest survival rate, reduced apoptosis, decreased mitochondrial ROS and SIRT3 expression, and reduced mitochondrial fission and autophagy when compared with each injury group. Further verification with Western blot analysis after the addition of Mdivi-1 revealed a reduction in the expressions of mitochondrial fission proteins DRP1, Nrf2, SIRT3, Caspase-3, Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK)/P-JNK, NF-kappaB, Bcl2, and autophagic protein P62, as well as reduced ROS levels. Mdivi-1 had protective effects on the three common AKI cell models by potentially reducing mitochondrial fission in cells and inhibiting the production of ROS through the mediation of the NF- B/JNK/SIRT3 signaling pathway, thereby exerting protective effects. Key words AKI, Cisplatin, Gentamicin, Iohexol, Mdivi-1.

• MeSH
• akutní poškození ledvin * metabolismus   patologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• MAP kinasový signální systém účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• mitochondriální dynamika * účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• NF-kappa B * metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce * účinky léků   MeSH
• sirtuin 3 * metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Berberine (BBR), a small molecule protoberberine isoquinoline alkaloid, is easy to cross the blood-brain barrier and is a potential drug for neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we explored the role and molecular mechanism of BBR in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to determine AD pathology-associated gene modules and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were also identified. GO and KEGG analyses were performed for gene function and signaling pathway annotation. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay was applied to analyze cell viability. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining assay was conducted to measure the levels of polarization markers. The production of inflammatory cytokines was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected using a ROS detection kit and a MMP Detection Kit (JC-1), respectively. AD pathology-associated DEGs were applied for GO function annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis, and the results uncovered that AD pathology was related to immune and inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure induced the M1 phenotype of microglia, and BBR suppressed LPS-induced M1 polarization and induced microglia toward M2 polarization. Through co-culture of microglia and neuronal cells, we found that BBR exerted a neuro-protective role by attenuating the injury of LPS-induced HMC3 on SH-SY5Y cells. Mechanically, BBR switched the M1/M2 phenotypes of microglia by activating PI3K-AKT signaling. In summary, BBR protected neuronal cells from activated microglia-mediated neuro-inflammation by switching the M1/M2 polarization in LPS-induced microglia via activating PI3K-AKT signaling. Key words Alzheimer's Disease, Berberine, Microglia polarization, Neuroinflammation, PI3K-AKT signaling.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * metabolismus   farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• berberin * farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasy * metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikroglie * účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky * farmakologie   MeSH
• polarita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-akt * metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce * účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Tato kazuistika popisuje případ totální atrioventrikulární blokády (TAVB) s pozitivními anti-Ro/SSA protilátkami u transgender muže, který byl sledován ve 31. týdnu a 3. dni gestace. Navzdory mnoha neshodám ohledně tohoto pacienta byly doporučeny kortikosteroidy. Komorová frekvence plodu při druhé týdenní návštěvě byla 50 tepů/min a ke zvýšení srdeční frekvence bylo zahájeno podávání terbulinu. Pro lepší kontrolu mateřských symptomů a sledování vitálních funkcí plodu bylo přikročeno k hospitalizaci a nitrožilnímu podání terbutalinu po dobu 3 dnů a rovněž ke každodennímu monitorování komorové frekvence. Došlo ke zvýšení výchozí komorové frekvence přibližně o 15 %. Po propuštění z nemocnice byla navíc k indexům navrženým Huhtou pro echokardiografické hodnocení srdeční funkce plodu prováděna týdenní kontrolní echokardiografie plodu. Fetální komorová frekvence u ambulantních kontrol neklesla na < 55 tepů/min. Císařský řez byl indikován ve 35. týdnu a 4. dni gestace z důvodu předčasné ruptury ovulárních membrán. Byl porozen novorozenec mužského pohlaví o hmotnosti 2 250 g s Apgar skóre 8 v 1. minutě a 9 v 5. minutě. Po 88 dnech života kojenec vážil 4 580 g a bez komplikací mu byl implantován trvalý dvoukomorový epikardiální kardiostimulátor. Kardiostimulátor je indikován i v případě, že při použití terbutalinu dojde k přechodnému zvýšení komorové frekvence plodu. Porod by měl proběhnout v termínu, aby plod mohl dosáhnout adekvátní hmotnosti a plicní zralosti pro implantaci trvalého kardiostimulátoru.

This case report describes a case of total atrioventricular block (TAVB) with positive anti-Ro/SSA antibodies in a transgender man who began follow-up at 31 weeks and 3 days of gestation. Despite many disagreements regarding treatment, corticosteroids were recommended for this patient. The fetal ventricular rate at the second weekly visit was 50 bpm and terbulin was started to increase heart rate. Hospitalization and intravenous terbutaline for 3 days was chosen to better control maternal symptoms and monitor fetal vital signs, as well as daily monitoring of the ventricular rate. There was an increase in baseline ventricular rate of approximately 15%. After discharge from the hospital, weekly control fetal echocardiography was performed in addition to the indices proposed by Huhta for echocardiographic assessment of fetal cardiac function. Fetal ventricular rate in ambulatory controls did not fall below 55 bpm. Cesarean section was indicated at 35 weeks and 4 days of gestation due to premature rupture of ovular membranes. A male newborn was delivered weighing 2,250 grams with Apgar scores of 8 and 9 at the 1st and 5th minute, respectively. After 88 days of life, the infant was weighing 4,580 grams and a definitive bicameral epicardial pacemaker was implanted without complications. Even if there is a transient increase in fetal ventricular rate with the use of terbutaline, a pacemaker is indicated. Delivery should be at term to allow the fetus to achieve adequate weight and pulmonary maturity for definitive pacemaker implantation.

• MeSH
• atrioventrikulární blokáda * diagnóza   MeSH
• císařský řez MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prenatální diagnóza MeSH
• systémový lupus erythematodes diagnóza   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• terbutalin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• transgender osoby MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease, with its mortality rate varying depending on the infectious agent. Streptococci are among the most common causes of infective endocarditis. However, Streptococcus vestibularis has rarely been associated with human infections, typically affecting patients with underlying conditions such as immunosuppressive diseases, valve replacement, rheumatic heart disease, and hemodialysis. We present the case of a 26-year-old man who presented with fever, unanticipated weight loss, and fatigue. Although no typical risk factors for infective endocarditis were identified at admission, transesophageal echocardiography revealed a bicuspid aortic valve with calcification, paravalvular aortic abscess formation, and vegetations on the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Blood cultures grew S. vestibularis, which was initially sensitive to benzylpenicillin but developed emergent resistance on the third day of the antibiotic treatment. Subsequently, ceftriaxone therapy was initiated, and blood cultures became sterile on day 10. The patient eventually underwent aortic valve replacement. We report the first known case of native aortic and mitral valve endocarditis caused by S. vestibularis, accompanied by a paravalvular abscess around the native aortic valve, in a patient who had no typical risk factors for infective endocarditis, except for a bicuspid aortic valve.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• aortální insuficience * mikrobiologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• bakteriální endokarditida * komplikace   diagnóza   farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• bikuspidální aortální chlopeň * komplikace   chirurgie   MeSH
• cefalosporiny třetí generace terapeutické užití   MeSH
• ceftriaxon terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chirurgická náhrada chlopně MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitrální chlopeň * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• penicilin G terapeutické užití   MeSH
• rezistence na penicilin MeSH
• streptokokové infekce * komplikace   diagnóza   farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

Syfilis je systémové, chronické a celosvětově rozšířené infekční onemocnění způsobené bakterií Treponema pallidum, jejím jediným přirozeným hostitelem je člověk. K přenosu infekce dochází převážně pohlavním stykem (90 %), dále je však možný i přenos transplacentární nebo přenos krevní cestou, jiné cesty nákazy bývají vzácné. Závažnost syfilis je dána rizikem vzniku postižení různých orgánů, zejména kůže, oka, CNS, kardiovaskulárního a muskuloskeletálního systému a rizikem přenosu infekce na plod během gravidity či porodu u neléčené matky. Článek se zaměřuje na předání ucelených a stručných informací o získané syfilis (lat. syphilis acquisita) u dospělých.

Syphilis is a systemic, chronic, and worldwide spread infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, and its only natural host is man. The disease is transmitted predominantly through sexual contact (90%), but transplacental infection and blood transmission are also possible; other routes of infection are rare. The severity of syphilis is determined by the risk of various organs, particularly the skin, eye, CNS, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems and the risk of transmission to the foetus during pregnancy or birth in an untreated mother. The article aims to provide comprehensive and concise information on acquired syphilis (lat. syphilis acquisita) in adults.

• MeSH
• ceftriaxon aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• doxycyklin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• kožní manifestace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurosyfilis patologie   MeSH
• peniciliny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• sérologická diagnostika syfilis klasifikace   MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• syfilis * diagnóza   epidemiologie   farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• Treponema pallidum klasifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Praktický lékař je často prvním, kdo pacienty informuje, že trpí nadváhou či obezitou a o rizicích s tím spojených. Může iniciovat adekvátní terapeutický management obezity. Základem léčby jsou ve všech případech režimová opatření zahrnující úpravu životosprávy a dostatečnou fyzickou aktivitu, výhodou je doporučení kvalifikovaného nutričního terapeuta. Farmakoterapie antiobezitiky může být zahájena u pacientů s BMI nad 30 kg/m2 či ≥ 27 kg/m2, pokud jsou přítomna přidružená onemocnění (prediabetes, diabetes mellitus 2. typu, arteriální hypertenze, syndrom spánkové apnoe...). Rozhodnutí o zahájení terapie by mělo být individualizováno na základě rozboru osobní a obezitologické anamnézy s přihlédnutím na jídelní chování a návyky - fenotypizace. Přehodnocení účinnosti by mělo následovat po 12, respektive 16 týdnech léčby. V současné době máme v ČR k dispozici 3 skupiny antiobezitik s rozdílným mechanismem účinku. Léky nejsou hrazeny z veřejného zdravotního pojištění a nepodléhají preskripčnímu omezení.

A general practitioner can initiate the adequate therapeutic management of obesity. The first line of treatment should include lifestyle change recommendations such as a calorie-restricted diet (referral to a nutrition professional may be prescribed) and physical activity prescription. The pharmacological treatment can be indicated for all individuals with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 or ≥ 27 kg/m2 with comorbidities (prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, sleep apnea). Anti-obesity medication use and selection should be individualized based on a clinical weight loss goal, weight-related conditions, and food intake behavior using a phenotype-guided approach. We should assess the effect of treatment after 12 or 16 weeks, respectively. Nowadays, we have 3 groups of anti-obesity medications that differ in mechanism of action. This medication can prescribe any physician regardless of medical specialization.

• MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• fixní kombinace léků MeSH
• hmotnostní úbytek účinky léků   MeSH
• látky proti obezitě * aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• léková kontraindikace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• liraglutid aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• obezita * etiologie   farmakoterapie   terapie   MeSH
• orlistat aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH