The quality of the environment as well as public health is convincingly coupled with the functioning of a power subsector. The power subsector plays a pivotal role in the sense that it emerges as the key cross-sectional element for the society's functioning (production, services, healthcare, education and others). A modern society consists of infrastructure systems that are primarily dependent on continuous electricity supplies. Each and every element of the electric power infrastructure is unique, and thus, its malfunction can disrupt the functioning of an important part of the electric power infrastructure. In conjunction with ensuring the functioning of electric power infrastructure, our attention must be drawn to the resilience issue. As far as the resilience of electric power infrastructure is concerned, it can resist weather-related events ensuring there are no disruptions in continuous electricity supplies. First, in the introductory part, the article presents the legal framework in the Slovak Republic. Second, it describes the current state of the electric power infrastructure of Slovakia. Third, it handles the state of the level of security risk assessment. Later on, in the literature review, besides turning to the issue of resilience assessment, the authors focused on the area of resilience of power engineering. Furthermore, the article scrutinizes resilience assessment in Slovakia, and it briefly examines approaches towards natural threats. In addition, the article demonstrates several approaches towards flood resilience. Having used different methods, the primary concern is to devise a framework for resilience assessment. Therefore, the included case study examines aspects of the proposed framework for resilience assessment. In conclusion, our aim was, in most respects, to outline an innovative methodological framework for increasing the resilience of electricity infrastructure.

Department of Security Engineering Faculty of Applied Informatics University of T Bata 76005 Zlin Czech Republic

Department of Technical Sciences and Informatics Faculty of Security Engineering University of Zilina 01026 Zilina Slovakia

Institute of Lifelong Learning University of Zilina 01026 Zilina Slovakia

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Holling C.S. Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)];1973 Available online: https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/bdg/pdfs_bdg/2013/Holling%201973.pdf.

Resilience2015. Ministry of the Interior of the CR. Security Research Czech Republic VI20152019049. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: http://www.resilience2015.cz/index.php/en/

Phillips J., Finster M., Pillon J., Petit F., Trail J. State Energy Resilience Framework. Argonne National Laboratory; Lemont, IL, USA: 2016. pp. 1–25.

Bologna S., Carducci G. Guidelines for Critical Infrastructures Resilience Evaluation. AIIC; Rome, Italy: 2016. pp. 6–21.

Slovak Power Plants. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.seas.sk/historia-energetiky.

Chovancikova N. Impact of the Power Failure on the Operation of Railway Transport in Zilina, the Science for Population Protection 2/2019; pp. 1–9. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: http://www.population-protection.eu/prilohy/casopis/41/357.pdf.

Ministry of Defence of the Slovak Republic. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.mosr.sk/data/files/4263_210128-bezpecnostna-strategia-sr-2021.pdf.

Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.economy.gov.sk/uploads/files/1VryBxtU.pdf.

Laws for People. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2011-45.

Chovancikova N., Hoterova K. Indicators as a Tool for Assessing the Pillars of the Safety Management System, The Science for Population Protection. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: http://www.population-protection.eu/prilohy/casopis/eng/35/162.pdf.

Gasser P., Lustenberger P., Cinelli M., Wansub K., Spada M., Burgherr P., Hirschberg S., Stojadinovic B., Sun Y.T. A Review on Resilience Assessment of Energy Systems. In Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23789689.2019.1610600?scroll=top&needAccess=true. DOI

Laws for People. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2012-251.

Laws for People. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2012-250.

Laws for People. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2000-142.

Laws for People. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2009-309.

Laws for People. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2012-270.

Laws for People. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2012-271.

Laws for People. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2012-275.

Laws for People. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2012-416.

Laws for People. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2010-426.

Slovak Power Plants. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.seas.sk/typy-elektrarni.

Slovak Electricity Transmission System. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.sepsas.sk/Dokumenty/VyrocneSpravy/2020/SEPS-VS2019.pdf.

My Energy. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: http://www.mojeenergie.cz/cz/elektroenergetika-dodavka-energie,

Novák M., Kopecký V., Roch M., Braciník P. Energetika. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Žilina in Žilina; Žilina, Slovakia: 2007. p. 470.

Energiaweb. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.energiaweb.sk/2014/08/12/distribucna-sustava/

Webnoviny. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.webnoviny.sk/stovky-ludi-na-strednom-slovensku-su-bez-elektriny-problemy-sposobuju-tazky-sneh-a-vietor/

Hnonline. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://hnonline.sk/svet/1921752-venezuelu-postihol-rozsiahly-vypadok-prudu-zasiahol-aj-dolezite-oblasti;

Proag V. Assessing and measuring resilience. Procedia Econ. Financ. 2014;18:222–229. doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00934-4. DOI

Hromada M., Rehak D., Lukas L. Resilience Assessment in Electricity Critical Infrastructure from the Point of View of Converged Security. Energies. 2021;14:1624. doi: 10.3390/en14061624. DOI

Nan C., Sansavini G. A Quantitative Method for Assessing Resilience of Interdependent. Infrastructures. 2017;157:35–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2016.08.013. DOI

Petit F.D., Bassett G.W., Black R., Buehring W.A., Collins M.J., Dickinson D.C., Fisher R.E., Haffenden R.A., Huttenga A.A., Klett M.S., et al. Resilience Measurement Index: An Indicator of Critical Infrastructure Resilience. Argonne National Laboratory; Lemont, IL, USA: 2013. pp. 7–19.

Sharifi A., Yamagata Y. Principles and Criteria for Assessing Urban Energy Resilience: A literature review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016;60:1654–1677. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.028. DOI

Roege E.P., Collier A.Z., Mancillas J., McDonagh A.J., Linkov I. Metrics for Energy Resilience. Energy Policy. 2014;72:249–256. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2014.04.012. DOI

Kwasinski A. Quantitative Model and Metrics of Electrical Grids Resilience Evaluated at a Power Distribution Level. Resil. Energy Syst. 2016;9:93. doi: 10.3390/en9020093. DOI

Willis H.H., Kathleen L. Measuring the Resilience of Energy Distribution Systems. RAND Corporation; Santa Monica, CA, USA: 2015. p. 38.

Rehak D., Danihelka P., Bernatik A. Criteria Risk Analysis of Facilities for Electricity Generation and Transmission. ESREL; Amsterdam, Nederland: 2013. pp. 2073–2080.

Rehak D., Senovsky P. Preference Risk Assessment of Electric Power Critical Infrastructure. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2014;36:469–474. doi: 10.3303/CET1436079. DOI

Titko M., Havko J., Studena J. Modelling Resilience of the Transport Critical Infrastructure using Influence Diagrams. Volume 22. Communications-Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina; Zilina, Slovakia: 2020. pp. 102–118. DOI

Vidrikova D., Boc K., Dvorak Z., Rehak D. Critical Infrastructure and Integrated Protection. The Association of Fire and Safety Engineering; Ostrava, Czech Republic: 2017. p. 170.

Faculty of Security Engineering, University of Zilina. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.fbi.uniza.sk/uploads/Dokumenty/weby/kritinf/aktuality/publik/077_luskova_2014-rks.pdf.

Weather-Related Power Outages and Electric System Resiliency. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42696.pdf,

Climate Change, Disastres and Electricity Generation. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/2504/Climate%20Change%2c%20Disasters%20and%20Electricity%20Generation.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Handayani K., Fitalova T., Krozer Y. The Vulnerability of the Power Sector to Climate Variability and Change: Evidence from Indonesia. Energies. 2019;12:3640. doi: 10.3390/en12193640. DOI

Ciabatti I., Owen P.W., Gilson V., Gatter L., Tanguy B., Zimmerman A., Critoph H., Prigent O., Bryan K., Roberts C., et al. Floods Directive: Progres in Assessing Risks, while Planning and Implementation Need to Improve. Publications Office of the European Union; Brussels, Belgium: 2018. p. 63.

Garcia-Aristizabal A., Wentzel F., Tomik L., Keršnik M., Botbaev K., De Mezer I., Konig M., Reichl J., Schmidthaler M., Mumovic M., et al. Protecting Electricity Networks from Natural Hazards. Organization for security and co-operation in Europe; Vienna, Austria: 2016. p. 124.

Karagiannis G.M., Chondrogiannis S., Krausmann E., Turksezer Z.I. Power Grid Recovery after Natural Hazard Impact. JRC Science for Policy Report; EU; Luxemburg: 2017. p. 63. DOI

Pant R., Thacker S., Hall W.J., Alderson D., Barr S. Critical Infrastructure Impact Assessment due to Flood Exposure. Flood Risk Manag. 2016;11:22–33. doi: 10.1111/jfr3.12288. DOI

Karagiannis M.G., Turksezer I.Z., Alfieri L., Feyen L., Krausmann E. Climate Change and Critical Infrastructure—Floods. Publications Office of the European Union; Brussels, Belgium: 2019. pp. 1–43.

Project APVV-0471-10: Critical Infrastructure Protection in Sector Transportation. [(accessed on 7 February 2021)]; Available online: https://fbi.uniza.sk/uploads/Dokumenty/weby/kritinf/index_en.html.

RAIN Project, 7FP 608166. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: http://rain-project.eu/about/deliverables/

Chovancikova N. Self-Assessment in the Electricity Sub-Sector. MEST J. 2020;8:69–77. doi: 10.12709/mest.08.08.02.07. DOI

Dvorak Z., Chovancikova N. Research of Safety Management Indicators. Technium. 2020;8:552–557. doi: 10.47577/tssj.v8i1.545. DOI

2019 Flood Report. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: http://www.shmu.sk/File/HIPS_povodnove_spr/Povodnova_sprava_2019_3%20final.pdf.

Degree Flood Activity. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.svp.sk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/stupne-povodnovej-aktivity.pdf.

Power Cuts Caused by Flooding ‘Major Danger’ to British Lives, Engineers Warm. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/11/power-cuts-caused-by-flooding-major-danger-to-british-lives-engineers-warn.

Protecting Electricity Network from Natural Hazards. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/d/242651.pdf.

PLN Cuts Power to Flood-affected Areas Over Safety Concerns. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/02/25/pln-cuts-power-to-flood-affected-areas-over-safety-concerns.html.

Austria—Heavy Rain Triggers Deadly Landslides and Floods in South. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: http://floodlist.com/europe/austria-landslides-floods-salzburg-carinthia-november-2019.

ISO 31 000:2018 Risk Management—Guidelines. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:31000:ed-2:v1:en.

Flood Hazard Maps and Flood Risk Maps of Watercourses of Slovakia (In Slovak) [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://mpompr.svp.sk/

Electric pole falls due to floods. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-27/a-man-walks-through-flood-waters-and-onto-texas-main-road/8847096?nw=0.

Why Counting Woods Pole and Logs Matter. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: http://www.timbeter.com/why-counting-wood-poles-and-logs-matter/

Substation Flood Protection. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: http://library.ukpowernetworks.co.uk/library/asset/51b67afc-17b4-4241-ae6e-36a7afc0a0eC/EDS+07-0106+Substation+Flood+Protection.pdf.

Rehak D., Bernatik A., Dvorak Z., Hromada M. Safety and Security Issues in Technical Infrastructures. IGI Global; Hershey, PA, USA: 2020. DOI

Rehak D., Senovsky P., Hromada M., Lovecek T. Complex Approach to Assessing Resilience of Critical Infrastructure Elements. Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Prot. 2019;25:125–138. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcip.2019.03.003. DOI

OECD Conference Session 2. Digital Security Risks to Energy Infrastructure, 2018. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://www.oecd.org/going-digital/digital-security-in-critical-infrastructure/

Directive 2008/114 on the Identification and Designation of European Critical Infrastructures and the Assessment of the Need to Improve Their Protection. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:345:0075:0082:EN:PDF.

Directive on the Resilience of Critical Entities, 2020. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/pdf/15122020_proposal_directive_resilience_critical_entities_com-2020-829_en.pdf.

Rehak D., Onderkova V., Brabcova V. 2019 Determinants of Dynamic Resilience Modelling in Critical Infrastructure Elements. [(accessed on 5 February 2021)]; Available online: http://rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/9789811127243/pdf/0070.pdf.