A Tunguska sized airburst destroyed Tall el-Hammam a Middle Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea
Status odvoláno Jazyk angličtina Země Velká Británie, Anglie Médium electronic
Typ dokumentu časopisecké články, práce podpořená grantem, odvolaná publikace
PubMed
34545151
PubMed Central
PMC8452666
DOI
10.1038/s41598-021-97778-3
PII: 10.1038/s41598-021-97778-3
Knihovny.cz E-zdroje
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- odvolaná publikace MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
We present evidence that in ~ 1650 BCE (~ 3600 years ago), a cosmic airburst destroyed Tall el-Hammam, a Middle-Bronze-Age city in the southern Jordan Valley northeast of the Dead Sea. The proposed airburst was larger than the 1908 explosion over Tunguska, Russia, where a ~ 50-m-wide bolide detonated with ~ 1000× more energy than the Hiroshima atomic bomb. A city-wide ~ 1.5-m-thick carbon-and-ash-rich destruction layer contains peak concentrations of shocked quartz (~ 5-10 GPa); melted pottery and mudbricks; diamond-like carbon; soot; Fe- and Si-rich spherules; CaCO3 spherules from melted plaster; and melted platinum, iridium, nickel, gold, silver, zircon, chromite, and quartz. Heating experiments indicate temperatures exceeded 2000 °C. Amid city-side devastation, the airburst demolished 12+ m of the 4-to-5-story palace complex and the massive 4-m-thick mudbrick rampart, while causing extreme disarticulation and skeletal fragmentation in nearby humans. An airburst-related influx of salt (~ 4 wt.%) produced hypersalinity, inhibited agriculture, and caused a ~ 300-600-year-long abandonment of ~ 120 regional settlements within a > 25-km radius. Tall el-Hammam may be the second oldest city/town destroyed by a cosmic airburst/impact, after Abu Hureyra, Syria, and possibly the earliest site with an oral tradition that was written down (Genesis). Tunguska-scale airbursts can devastate entire cities/regions and thus, pose a severe modern-day hazard.
Analytical Instrumentation Facility North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
CAMCOR University of Oregon 1443 E 13th Ave Eugene OR 97403 USA
College of Archaeology Trinity Southwest University Albuquerque NM 87109 USA
Comet Research Group Prescott AZ 86301 USA
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry DePaul University Chicago IL 60614 USA
Department of Geological Sciences East Carolina University Greenville NC 27858 USA
Department of Natural Sciences Elizabeth City State University Elizabeth City NC 27909 USA
EAG Laboratories Eurofins Materials Science Raleigh NC 27606 USA
Faculty of Science Charles University Albertov 6 Prague 12843 Czech Republic
Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks 903 Koyukuk Drive College AK 99775 USA
Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
Restoration Systems L L C Raleigh NC 27604 USA
Southern Research Institute 757 Tom Martin Drive Birmingham AL 35211 USA
Zobrazit více v PubMed
Collins, S., Kobs, C. M. & Luddeni, M. C.
Silvia, P. J.
Collins, S., Byers, G. A. & Kobs, C. M.
Collins, S., Byers, G. A. & Kobs, C. M.
Collins, S., Byers, G. A. & Kobs, C. M.
Collins, S., Byers, G. A. & Kobs, C. M.
Collins, S., Byers, G. A. & Kobs, C. M.
Galli, P. Active tectonics along the Wadi Araba-Jordan Valley transform fault. DOI
Abed, A. M. An overview of the geology and evolution of Wadi Mujib.
Neev, D. & Emery, K. O.
Frumkin, A. & Elitzur, Y. Historic Dead Sea level fluctuations calibrated with geological and archaeological evidence. DOI
Kagan, E. J., Langgut, D., Boaretto, E., Neumann, F. H. & Stein, M. Dead Sea levels during the Bronze and Iron ages. DOI
Hennessy, J. B. Preliminary report on a first season of excavations at Teleilat Ghassul. DOI
Flanagan, J. W. & McCreery, D. W. First Preliminary Report of the 1989 Tell Nimrin Project.
Marchetti, N., Nigro, L. & Sarie, I. Preliminary report on the first season of excavations of the Italian–Palestinian expedition at Tell es-Sultan/Jericho, April–May 1997. DOI
Collins, S.
Ramsey, B. C. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. DOI
Ramsey, B. C. Probability and dating. DOI
Reimer, P. J. DOI
Telford, R. J., Heegaard, E. & Birks, H. J. B. All age–depth models are wrong: but how badly?. DOI
Schiffer, M. B. Radiocarbon dating and the “old wood” problem: the case of the Hohokam chronology. DOI
Kenyon, K. M. Excavations at Jericho, 1952. DOI
Nigro, L.
Marchetti, N. A century of excavations on the Spring Hill at Tell es-Sultan, ancient Jericho: A reconstruction of its stratigraphy. (University of Rome; Palestinian Dept. of Antiquities, 2000).
Kenyon, K. M.
Flanagan, J. W., McCreery, D. W., Yāsīn, H. A. N. & Kehrberg, I. Tall Nimrin: Preliminary report on the 1995 excavation and geological survey.
Carlisle, D. B. & Braman, D. R. Nanometre-size diamonds in the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary clay of Alberta. DOI
Hough, R. M., Gilmour, I. & Pillinger, C. T. Carbon isotope study of impact diamonds in Chicxulub ejecta at Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sites in Mexico and the Western Interior of the United States in
Kinzie, C. R. DOI
Schoell, M. & Carlson, R. M. Diamondoids and oil are not forever. DOI
Bruce, L. F., Kopylova, M. G., Longo, M., Ryder, J. & Dobrzhinetskaya, L. F. Luminescence of diamonds from metamorphic rocks. DOI
De Araujo, P. L. B., Mansoori, G. A. & De Araujo, E. S. Diamondoids: Occurrence in fossil fuels, applications in petroleum exploration and fouling in petroleum production. A review paper.
Omotoyinbo, J. A. & Oluwole, O. Working properties of some selected refractory clay deposits in South Western Nigeria. (2008).
Haccuria, E., Crivits, T., Hayes, P. C. & Jak, E. Selected phase equilibria studies in the Al DOI
Kletetschka, G. & Wieczorek, M. A. Fundamental relations of mineral specific magnetic carriers for paleointensity determination. DOI
Klokočník, J.
Kletetschka, G., Kohout, T. & Wasilewski, P. J. Magnetic remanence in the Murchison meteorite. DOI
Kletetschka, G., Uria, A. O., Zila, V. & Elbra, T. Electric discharge evidence found in a new class of material in the Chicxulub ejecta. PubMed DOI PMC
Kletetschka, G. DOI
Wasilewski, P. & Kletetschka, G. Lodestone: Natures only permanent magnet—What it is and how it gets charged. DOI
Osinski, G. R. DOI
Piperno, D. R.
Yost, C. Phytolith analysis of feature fill samples from the el Dornajo site, Ecuador. 17 (Paleo Research Institute Golden, Colorado, 2008).
Humphreys, G. S.
Bunch, T. E.
Leroux, H., Reimold, W. U. & Doukhan, J.-C. A TEM investigation of shock metamorphism in quartz from the Vredefort dome, South Africa. DOI
Stöffler, D. & Langenhorst, F. Shock metamorphism of quartz in nature and experiment: I Basic observation and theory. DOI
French, B. M.
Feignon, J. G., FerriÈre, L., Leroux, H. & Koeberl, C. Characterization of shocked quartz grains from Chicxulub peak ring granites and shock pressure estimates. DOI
Koeberl, C. Impact cratering: the mineralogical and geochemical evidence.
Voorn, M.
Langenhorst, F. Shock metamorphism of some minerals: Basic introduction and microstructural observations.
Huber, M. S., Ferriere, L., Losiak, A. & Koeberl, C. ANIE: A mathematical algorithm for automated indexing of planar deformation features in quartz grains. DOI
Trepmann, C. A. & Spray, J. G. Shock-induced crystal-plastic deformation and post-shock annealing of quartz: Microstructural evidence from crystalline target rocks of the Charlevoix impact structure, Canada. DOI
Carter, N. L. Basal quartz deformation lamellae; A criterion for recognition of impactites. DOI
Poelchau, M. A Look at Unindexed PDFs: How high should the value be for shocked rocks? in
Hamers, M. & Drury, M. Scanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) imaging of planar deformation features and tectonic deformation lamellae in quartz. DOI
Hamers, M., Pennock, G. & Drury, M. Scanning electron microscope cathodoluminescence imaging of subgrain boundaries, twins and planar deformation features in quartz. DOI
Hamers, M. F.
Gieré, R. DOI
Gratz, A. J., Fisler, D. K. & Bohor, B. F. Distinguishing shocked from tectonically deformed quartz by the use of the SEM and chemical etching. DOI
Eby, G. N. DOI
Florenskiy, K. Preliminary results from the 1961 combined Tunguska meteorite expedition
Scarlett, H. A. Nuclear Weapons Testing (Past). (Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States), 2020).
Vannucchi, P., Morgan, J. P., Della Lunga, D., Andronicos, C. L. & Morgan, W. J. Direct evidence of ancient shock metamorphism at the site of the 1908 Tunguska event. DOI
Lussier, A. J., Rouvimov, S., Burns, P. C. & Simonetti, A. Nuclear-blast induced nanotextures in quartz and zircon within Trinitite. DOI
Kletetschka, G., Radana, K. & Hakan, U. Evidence of shock-generated plasma’s demagnetization in the shock-exposed rocks.
Thy, P., Willcox, G., Barfod, G. H. & Fuller, D. Q. Anthropogenic origin of siliceous scoria droplets from Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites in northern Syria. DOI
Thy, P., Segobye, A. K. & Ming, D. W. Implications of prehistoric glassy biomass slag from east-central Botswana. DOI
Firestone, R. B. PubMed DOI PMC
Firestone, R. B.
Hagstrum, J. T., Firestone, R. B., West, A., Weaver, J. C. & Bunch, T. E. Impact-related microspherules in Late Pleistocene Alaskan and Yukon “muck” deposits signify recurrent episodes of catastrophic emplacement. PubMed DOI PMC
Israde-Alcántara, I. PubMed DOI PMC
LeCompte, M. A. PubMed DOI PMC
LeCompte, M. A.
Teller, J.
Wu, Y., Sharma, M., LeCompte, M. A., Demitroff, M. N. & Landis, J. D. Origin and provenance of spherules and magnetic grains at the Younger Dryas boundary. PubMed DOI PMC
Harris, R. & Schultz, P. Are Ti-Rich Particles in Late Pleistocene Sediments from Patagonia Distal Ejecta from an Atacama Airburst? in
Baker, G. A.
Sharygin, V., Sokol, E. & Belakovskii, D. Fayalite-sekaninaite paralava from the Ravat coal fire (central Tajikistan). DOI
Baker, G. Micro-forms of hay-silica glass and of volcanic glass. DOI
Pauketat, T. R. DOI
Friend, C., Dye, J. & Fowler, M. New field and geochemical evidence from vitrified forts in South Morar and Moidart, NW Scotland: further insight into melting and the process of vitrification. DOI
Johnston, S.
Orton, D. C., Nottingham, J., Rainsford-Betts, G., Hosking, K. & Millard, A. Animal bones [from Nebelivka] in
Dever, W. G.
Bikai, P. M. & Egan, V. Archaeology in Jordan. DOI
Yates, C. J. C.
Senior, L. M.
Weiss, H.
Courty, M.-A. The soil record of an exceptional event at 4000 BP in the Middle East in
Grissom, C. A. Conservation of Neolithic lime plaster statues from ’Ain Ghazal. DOI
Osinski, G., Bunch, T. & Wittke, J. Evidence for the shock melting of carbonates from Meteor Crater, Arizona.
Osinski, G., Bunch, T. & Wittke, J. Impact melt generation at Meteor Crater, Arizona: Implications for impacts into volatile-rich target rocks.
Boslough, M.
Boslough, M. & Crawford, D. A. Low-altitude airbursts and the impact threat. DOI
Wakita, S., Johnson, B. C., Denton, C. A. & Davison, T. M. Jetting during oblique impacts of spherical impactors.
Butterman, W. C. & Foster, W. R. Zircon stability and the Zr02–Si02 phase diagram.
Bohor, B., Betterton, W. & Krogh, T. Impact-shocked zircons: discovery of shock-induced textures reflecting increasing degrees of shock metamorphism. DOI
Patterson, M. C. L.
Rochow, E. G.
Glass, B. P. & Simonson, B. M. Mesozoic Spherule/Impact Ejecta Layers in
Chen, M., Shu, J., Mao, H.-K., Xie, X. & Hemley, R. J. Natural occurrence and synthesis of two new postspinel polymorphs of chromite. PubMed DOI PMC
Economou-Eliopoulos, M., Eliopoulos, D. G. & Tsoupas, G. On the diversity of the PGE content in chromitites hosted in ophiolites and in porphyry-Cu systems: Controlling factors. DOI
Cabri, L. J., Harris, D. C. & Weiser, T. W. Mineralogy and distribution of platinum-group mineral (PGM) placer deposits of the world.
Uysal, I. Platinum-Group Minerals (PGM) and other solid inclusions in the Elbistan-Kahramanmaraş mantle-hosted ophiolitic chromitites, South-eastern Turkey: their petrogenetic significance.
Jansen, M. DOI
Tolstykh, N. D., Sidorov, E. G., Laajoki, K. V., Krivenko, A. P. & Podlipskiy, M. The association of platinum-group minerals in placers of the Pustaya River, Kamchatka, Russia. DOI
Okrugin, A. Mineral parageneses and the origin of isoferroplatinum nuggets from the Ignali placer deposit (Siberian platform). (2001).
Zaccarini, F. DOI
Barkov, A., Martin, R., Fleet, M., Nixon, G. & Levson, V. New data on associations of platinum-group minerals in placer deposits of British Columbia, Canada. DOI
Tolstykh, N. D., Foley, J. Y., Sidorov, E. G. & Laajoki, K. V. Composition of the platinum-group minerals in the Salmon River placer deposit, Goodnews Bay, Alaska. DOI
Fedortchouk, Y.
Harries, D., Berg, T., Langenhorst, F. & Palme, H. Structural clues to the origin of refractory metal alloys as condensates of the solar nebula. DOI
Daly, L. DOI
Schwander, D.
Bonté, P., Jehanno, C., Maurette, M. & Brownlee, D. Platinum metals and microstructure in magnetic deep sea cosmic spherules. DOI
Rudraswami, N., Parashar, K. & Shyam Prasad, M. Micrometer‐and nanometer‐sized platinum group nuggets in micrometeorites from deep‐sea sediments of the Indian Ocean.
Rudraswami, N. DOI
Brownlee, D., Bates, B. & Wheelock, M. Extraterrestrial platinum group nuggets in deep-sea sediments. DOI
Joswiak, D., Brownlee, D., Nguyen, A. & Messenger, S. Refractory materials in comet samples. DOI
Anders, E. & Grevesse, N. Abundances of the elements: Meteoritic and solar. DOI
Berg, T. DOI
Palme, H., Hutcheon, I. & Spettel, B. Composition and origin of refractory-metal-rich assemblages in a Ca, Al-rich Allende inclusion. DOI
Schwander, D., Berg, T., Harries, D., Schönhense, G. & Ott, U. Composition and clues to the origin of refractory metal nuggets extracted from chondritic meteorites. DOI
Wark, D. & Lovering, J. Refractory/platinum metal grains in Allende calcium–aluminium-rich clasts (CARC's): possible exotic presolar material? in
Nazarov, M. DOI
Makvandi, S., Beaudoin, G., McClenaghan, B. M. & Layton-Matthews, D. The surface texture and morphology of magnetite from the Izok Lake volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit and local glacial sediments, Nunavut, Canada: Application to mineral exploration. DOI
Knipping, J. L. DOI
Knipping, J. L. DOI
Britvin, S., Murashko, M., Vapnik, E., Polekhovsky, Y. S. & Krivovichev, S. Barringerite Fe 2 P from pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Formation, Israel. DOI
Harris, R. & Schultz, P. Evidence of multiple cometary airbursts during the pleistocene from Pica (Chile), Dakhleh (Egypt), and Edeowie (Australia) Glasses in
Collins, S. & Aljarrah, H. Tall el-Hammam Season Six, 2011: Excavation, Survey, Interpretations and Insights. (Department of Antiquities of Jordan, Amman, Jordan, 2011).
Knüsel, C. J. Crouching in fear: Terms of engagement for funerary remains. DOI
Jenniskens, P., Popova, O. P., Glazachev, D. O., Podobnaya, E. D. & Kartashova, A. P. Tunguska eyewitness accounts, injuries, and casualties. DOI
Collins, S., Byers, G. A., Kobs, C. M. & Silvia, P. J.
Ibrahim, M., Sauer, J. A. & Yassine, K. The east Jordan valley survey 1976 (Part two).
Ibrahim, M. A., Sauer, J. A. & Yassine, K. The East Jordan Valley Survey, 1975. DOI
Yassine, K.
Flanagan, J. W., McCreery, D. W. & Yāsīn, H. a. N. Preliminary report of the 1990 excavation at Tell Nimrin.
Collins, S. Tall el-Hammam is Sodom: Billington’s Heshbon identification suffers from numerous fatal flaws.
Al-Rifaee, M. K. Jordan Valley in
Ammari, T. DOI
Singer, A. Saline and alkaline soils in Israel.
Ayers, R. S. & Westcot, D. W.
USDA. Crop tolerance and yield potential of selected crops as influenced by irrigation water salinity (ECw) or soil salinity (ECe). (USDA, Washington, DC, 2011).
Kenyon, K. M. Excavations at Jericho, 1955. DOI
Kenyon, K. M. Digging up Jericho. (1957).
Nigro, L. & Taha, H. Renewed excavations and restorations at Tell es-Sultan/ancient Jericho, Fifth season-march-april 2009.
Nigro, L. & Taha, H. Results of the Italian–Palestinian expedition to Tell es-Sultan: At the dawn of urbanization in Palestine in
Kenyon, K. M. Some notes on the history of Jericho in the second millennium BC. DOI
Nigro, L., Sala, M., Taha, H. & Yassine, J. The Bronze Age Palace and Fortifications at Tell Es-Sultan/Jericho: the 6th–7th seasons (2010–2011) by Rome La Sapienza University and the Palestinian Mota-Dach.
Migowski, C., Agnon, A., Bookman, R., Negendank, J. F. & Stein, M. Recurrence pattern of Holocene earthquakes along the Dead Sea transform revealed by varve-counting and radiocarbon dating of lacustrine sediments. DOI
Svetsov, V. Total ablation of the debris from the 1908 Tunguska explosion. DOI
Svetsov, V. B. Thermal radiation on the ground from large aerial bursts caused by Tunguska-like impacts in
Kirova, O. Scattered matter from the area of fall of the Tunguska cometary meteorite. DOI
Beretta, M.
Museum_of_London.
Hopkins, R. P. The Historiography of the Allied Bombing Campaign of Germany. (2008).
Connolly, B. D. HSE and Re-Os systematics of the 3.3 Ga Weltevreden komatiites from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Implications for early Earth’s mantle evolution. (2011).
de Silva, S. & Sharpton, V. Explosive volcanism, shock metamorphism and the KT boundary in
Ramsey, C. B., Manning, S. W. & Galimberti, M. Dating the volcanic eruption at Thera. DOI
Collins, S.
Sigurdsson, H., Carey, S. & Devine, J. Assessment of mass, dynamics and environmental effects of the Minoan eruption of Santorini volcano in
Moore, A., Hillman, G. & Legge, A.
Moore, A. & Kennett, D. Cosmic impact, the Younger Dryas, Abu Hureyra, and the inception of agriculture in Western Asia.
Glasstone, S. & Dolan, P. J.
Wheeler, L. F. & Mathias, D. L. Probabilistic assessment of Tunguska-scale asteroid impacts. DOI
Hermes, R. E. & Strickfaden, W. B. A New Look at Trinitite.
Brazo, M. W. & Austin, S. A. The Tunguska explosion of 1908.
Wolbach, W. S.
Robertson, D. K. & Mathias, D. L. Hydrocode simulations of asteroid airbursts and constraints for Tunguska. DOI
Kletetschka, G., Procházka, V., Fantucci, R. & Trojek, T. Survival response of Larix sibirica to the Tunguska explosion. DOI
Zlobin, A. E. Discovery of probably Tunguska meteorites at the bottom of Khushmo river's shoal. arXiv preprint arXiv:1304.8070 (2013).
Kirova, O. & Zaslavskaya, N. Data characterizing the dispersed matter as recovered from the area of fall of the Tunguska meteorite.
Vishnevsky, S. & Raitala, J. Impact diamonds as indicators of shock metamorphism in strongly-reworked Pre-Cambrian impactites in
Kvasnitsa, V.
Hryanina, L. The bouquet of the meteorite craters in the epicentre of Tunguska Impact 1908 year in
Korina, M.
LeMaire, T. R.
Collins, G. S., Melosh, H. J. & Marcus, R. Earth impact effects program: A web-based computer program for calculating the regional environmental consequences of a meteoroid impact on Earth. DOI
Collins, G. S., Melosh, H. J. & Marcus, R.
Clifton, J. R. & Davis, F. L.
Torrealva, D., Cerrón, C. & Espinoza, Y. Shear and out of plane bending strength of adobe walls externally reinforced with polypropylene grids in
Silveira, D. DOI
Zipf, R. & Cashdollar, K. Explosions and Refuge Chambers: Effects of blast pressure on structures and the human body.
Alekseev, V., Konkashbaev, I. & Konkashbaev, I. Possible explanation of total ablation of the 1908 Tunguska Asteroid. (1998).
Boslough, M. Computational modeling of low-altitude airbursts in
Boslough, M. Airburst Modeling in
Gustafsson, Ö. DOI
Wolbach, W. S., Gilmour, I. & Anders, E. Major wildfires at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.
Wolbach, W. S., Lewis, R. S. & Anders, E. Cretaceous extinctions: Evidence for wildfires and search for meteoritic material. PubMed DOI
Wolbach, W. S.
Wolbach, W. S., Gilmour, I., Anders, E., Orth, C. J. & Brooks, R. R. Global fire at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. DOI
Ramsey, C. B. Analysis Operations and Models. http://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcalhelp/hlp_analysis_oper.html (2013).
Ramsey, C. B. Analysis Examples. https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcalhelp/hlp_analysis_eg.html (2013).
