A remarkable morphological diversity and karyotype variability can be observed in the Neotropical armored catfish genus Harttia. These fishes offer a useful model to explore both the evolution of karyotypes and sex chromosomes, since many species possess male-heterogametic sex chromosome systems and a high rate of karyotype repatterning. Based on the karyotype organization, the chromosomal distribution of several repetitive DNA classes, and the rough estimates of genomic divergences at the intraspecific and interspecific levels via Comparative Genomic Hybridization, we identified shared diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 54) but different karyotype compositions in H. dissidens (20m + 26sm + 8a) and Harttia sp. 3 (16m + 18sm + 14st + 6a), and different 2n in H. guianensis (2n = 58; 20m + 26sm + 2st + 10a). All species further displayed similar patterns of chromosomal distribution concerning constitutive heterochromatin, 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites, and most of the surveyed microsatellite motifs. Furthermore, differences in the distribution of 5S rDNA sites and a subset of microsatellite sequences were identified. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes were lacking in H. dissidens and H. guianensis at the scale of our analysis. However, one single chromosome pair in Harttia sp. 3 males presented a remarkable accumulation of male genome-derived probe after CGH, pointing to a tentative region of early sex chromosome differentiation. Thus, our data support already previously outlined evidence that Harttia is a vital model for the investigation of teleost karyotype and sex chromosome dynamics.

Institute of Human Genetics University Hospital Jena Friedrich Schiller University 07747 Jena Germany

Laboratório de Biologia Cromossômica Estrutural e Função Departamento de Biologia Estrutural Molecular e Genética Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa 84030 900 PR Brazil

Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes Departamento de Genética e Evolução Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos 13565 905 SP Brazil

Laboratório de Genética Animal Coordenação de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus 69067 375 AM Brazil

Laboratory of Fish Genetics Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Czech Academy of Sciences Rumburská 89 277 21 Liběchov Czech Republic

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