Every year, many wild animals undertake long-distance migration to breed in the north, taking advantage of seasonally high pulses in food supply, fewer parasites, and lower predation pressure in comparison with equatorial latitudes. Growing evidence suggests that climate-change-induced phenological mismatches have reduced food availability. Furthermore, novel pathogens and parasites are spreading northwards, and nest or offspring predation has increased at many Arctic and northern temperate locations. Altered trophic interactions have decreased the reproductive success and survival of migratory animals. Reduced advantages for long-distance migration have potentially serious consequences for community structure and ecosystem function. Changes in the benefits of migration need to be integrated into projections of population and ecosystem dynamics and targeted by innovative conservation actions.

Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology Faculty of Science University of Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 Debrecen Hungary; Milner Centre for Evolution University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK

Department of Terrestrial Ecology Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Høgskoleringen 9 Trondheim 7485 Norway

School of Biosciences University of Sheffield Alfred Denny Building Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN UK

School of Biosciences University of Sheffield Alfred Denny Building Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN UK; Department of Zoology and Centre for Polar Ecology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 1760 České Budějovice 370 05 Czech Republic; Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology Faculty of Science University of Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 Debrecen Hungary; Department of Biodiversity Research Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986 4a Brno 603 00 Czech Republic

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Egg characteristics vary longitudinally in Arctic shorebirds