A simple and fast method for the analysis of lactate from a single drop of blood was developed. The finger-prick whole blood sample (10 µL) was diluted (1:20) with a 7% (w/v) solution of [tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino] propanesulfonic acid and applied to a blood plasma separation device. The device accommodates a membrane sandwich composed of an asymmetric polysulfone membrane and a supporting textile membrane that allows the collection of blood plasma into a narrow glass capillary in less than 20 s. Separated and simultaneously diluted blood plasma was directly injected into a capillary electrophoresis instrument with a contactless conductivity detector (CE-C4D) and analyzed in less than one minute. A separation electrolyte consisted of 10 mmol/L l-histidine, 15 mmol/L dl-glutamic acid, and 30 µmol/L cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The whole procedure starting from the finger-prick sampling until the CE-C4D analysis was finished, took less than 5 min and was suitable for monitoring lactate increase in blood plasma during incremental cycling exercise. The observed lactate increase during the experiments measured by the developed CE-C4D method correlated well with the results from a hand-held lactate analyzer (R = 0.9882). The advantage of the developed CE method is the speed, significant savings per analysis, and the possibility to analyze other compounds from blood plasma.

Central European Institute of Technology and Faculty of Science Masaryk University 62500 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation Institute of Analytical Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences 60200 Brno Czech Republic

School of Natural Sciences and Health Tallinn University 10120 Tallinn Estonia

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Richard A., Kress T. Measuring serum lactate. Nurs. Crit. Care . 2009;4:56.

Fischbach F.T., Dunning M.B. A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2008.

Kee J.L. Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests with Nursing Implications. 6th ed. Prentice Hall; Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: 2002.

Kruse O., Grunnet N., Barfod C. Blood lactate as a predictor for in-hospital mortality in patients admitted acutely to hospital: A systematic review. Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med. 2011;19:74–86. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-19-74. PubMed DOI PMC

Svedahl K., MacIntosh B.R. Anaerobic Threshold: The Concept and Methods of Measurement. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003;28:299–323. doi: 10.1139/h03-023. PubMed DOI

Goodwin M.L., Harris J.E., Hernández A., Gladden L.B. Blood Lactate Measurements and Analysis during Exercise:A Guide for Clinicians. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2007;1:558–569. doi: 10.1177/193229680700100414. PubMed DOI PMC

Kumagai S., Tanaka K., Matsuura Y., Matsuzaka A., Hirakoba K., Asano K. Relationships of the anaerobic threshold with the 5 km, 10 km, and 10 mile races. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 1982;49:13–23. doi: 10.1007/BF00428959. PubMed DOI

Alderman J.A., Cross R.E. Adaptation to the centrifugal analyzer of an enzymatic method for the measurement of lactate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin. Chem. 1977;23:1917–1920. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/23.10.1917. PubMed DOI

de Keijzer M.H., Brandts R.W., Brans P.G.W. Evaluation of a biosensor for the measurement of lactate in whole blood. Clin. Biochem. 1999;32:109–112. doi: 10.1016/S0009-9120(98)00105-2. PubMed DOI

Hasegawa H., Fukushima T., Lee J.A., Tsukamoto K., Moriya K., Ono Y., Imai K. Determination of serum d-lactic and l-lactic acids in normal subjects and diabetic patients by column-switching HPLC with pre-column fluorescence derivatization. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2003;377:886–891. doi: 10.1007/s00216-003-2108-6. PubMed DOI

Paik M.J., Cho E.Y., Kim H., Choi S., Ahn Y.H., Lee G. Simultaneous clinical monitoring of lactic acid, pyruvic acid and ketone bodies in plasma as methoxime/tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2008;22:450–453. PubMed

Bonaventura J.M., Sharpe K., Knight E., Fuller K.L., Tanner R.K., Gore C.J. Reliability and accuracy of six hand-held blood lactate analysers. J. Sci. Med. Sports. 2015;14:203–214. PubMed PMC

Dolnik V., Dolnikova J. Capillary zone electrophoresis of organic acids in serum of critically ill children. J. Chromatogr. A. 1995;716:269–277. doi: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00364-S. PubMed DOI

Oefner P.J. Surface-charge reversed capillary zone electrophoresis of inorganic and organic anions. Electrophoresis. 1995;16:46–56. doi: 10.1002/elps.1150160111. PubMed DOI

Markuszewski M.J., Szczykowska M., Siluk D., Kaliszan R. Human red blood cells targeted metabolome analysis of glycolysis cycle metabolites by capillary electrophoresis using an indirect photometric detection method. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2005;39:636–642. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.015. PubMed DOI

Pormsila W., Morand R., Krahenbuhl S., Hauser P.C. Quantification of plasma lactate concentrations using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis. 2011;32:884–889. doi: 10.1002/elps.201000420. PubMed DOI

Oyet C., Okongo B., Onyuthi R.A., Muwanguzi E. Biochemical changes in stored donor units: Implications on the efficacy of blood transfusion. J. Blood. Med. 2018;9:111–115. doi: 10.2147/JBM.S163651. PubMed DOI PMC

Ďurč P., Foret F., Kubáň P. Fast blood plasma separation device for point-of-care applications. Talanta. 2018;183:55–60. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.004. PubMed DOI

Kubáň P., Foret F., Bocek R. Capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductometric detection for rapid screening of formate in blood serum after methanol intoxication. J. Chromatogr. A. 2013;1281:142–147. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.035. PubMed DOI

De Pauw K., Roelands B., Cheung S.S., De Geus B., Rietjens G., Meeusen R. Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research. Int J. Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8:111–122. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.8.2.111. PubMed DOI

Contactless Conductivity Detection for Capillary Electrophoresis-Developments From 2020 to 2024