Several chondrichthyan species are threatened, and we must increase our knowledge of their reproductive biology in order to establish assisted reproductive protocols for ex situ or in situ endangered species. The small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) is one of the most abundant shark species of the Mediterranean coast and is easy to maintain in aquaria; therefore, it is considered an ideal reproductive model. This study aimed to compare S. canicula male reproductive function in aquarium-housed (n = 7) and wild-captured animals, recently dead (n = 17). Aquarium-housed animals had lower semen volume (p = 0.005) and total sperm number (p = 0.006) than wild-captured animals, but similar sperm concentrations. In terms of sperm parameters, aquarium-housed sharks showed higher total sperm motility (p = 0.004), but no differences were observed regarding sperm viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, or membrane integrity. A morphometric study pointed to a significantly longer head (p = 0.005) and acrosome (p = 0.001) in wild-captured animals. The results of the spermatozoa morphological study of S. canicula were consistent with previous results obtained in other chondrichthyan species. With regard to sex hormones, testosterone levels were significantly lower in aquarium-housed animals (p ≤ 0.001), while similar levels of 17β-estradiol and progesterone were found. In short, the present study provides evidence of good in vitro semen quality in S. canicula housed in an aquarium, underlining their excellent potential for application in reproductive technologies for this and other chondrichthyan species.

Departamento de Fisiología Facultad de Veterinaria Campus de Excelencia Internacional Mare Nostrum Universidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain

Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU Calle Tirant lo Blanc 7 46115 Alfara del Patriarca Spain

Department of Cell Biology and Histology Faculty of Medicine University of Murcia Campus Mare Nostrum and IMIB Arrixaca 30100 Murcia Spain

Department of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 165 00 Praha Suchdol Czech Republic

Institut of Animal Science and Technology Universitat Politècnica de València 46022 Valencia Spain

Research Department Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana Gran Vía Marqués del Turia 19 46005 Valencia Spain

Veterinary Services Avanqua Oceanogràfic S L 46013 Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias C Eduardo Primo Yúfera 1B 46013 Valencia Spain

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The ancient and helical architecture of Elasmobranchii's spermatozoa enables progressive motility in viscous environments