Naphyrone, also known as NRG-1, is a novel psychoactive substance (NPS), a cathinone with stimulatory properties available on the grey/illicit drug market for almost a decade. It is structurally related to infamously known powerful stimulants with the pyrovalerone structure, such as alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) or methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) that are labeled as a cheap replacement for cocaine and other stimulants. Despite the known addictive potential of α-PVP and MDPV, there are no studies directly evaluating naphyrone's addictive potential e.g., in conditioned place preference (CPP) test or using self-administration. Therefore, our study was designed to evaluate the addictive potential in a CPP test in male Wistar rats and compare its effect to another powerful stimulant with a high addictive potential - methamphetamine. Naphyrone increased time spent in the drug-paired compartment with 5 and 20 mg/kg s.c. being significant and 10 mg/kg s.c. reaching the threshold (p = 0.07); the effect was comparable to that of methamphetamine 1.5 mg/kg s.c. The lowest dose, naphyrone 1 mg/kg s.c., had no effect on CPP. Interestingly, no dose response effect was detected. Based on these data, we are able to conclude that naphyrone has an addictive potential and may possess a significant risk to users.

National Institute of Mental Health Topolová 748 Klecany 250 67 Czech Republic

National Institute of Mental Health Topolová 748 Klecany 250 67 Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Ruská 87 Prague 10 100 00 Czech Republic

National Institute of Mental Health Topolová 748 Klecany 250 67 Czech Republic; Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology Technická 5 Prague 6 166 28 Czech Republic

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