Human toxocariasis is a helminthozoonosis caused by the migration of Toxocara species larvae through an organism. The infection in humans is transmitted either by direct ingestion of the eggs of the parasite, or by consuming undercooked meat infested with Toxocara larvae. This parasitosis can be found worldwide, but there are significant differences in seroprevalence in different areas, depending mainly on hot climate conditions and on low social status. However, the literature estimates of seroprevalence are inconsistent. Infected patients commonly present a range of symptoms, e.g., abdominal pain, decreased appetite, restlessness, fever, and coughing. This manuscript presents a case report of a polytraumatic patient who underwent a two-phase spinal procedure for a thoracolumbar fracture. After the second procedure, which was a vertebral body replacement via thoracotomy, the patient developed a pathologic pleural effusion. A microscopic cytology examination of this effusion revealed the presence of Toxocara species larvae. Although the patient presented no specific clinical symptoms, and the serological exams (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot) were negative, the microscopic evaluation enabled a timely diagnosis. The patient was successfully treated with albendazole, with no permanent sequelae of the infection.

Department of Biomedicine and Laboratory Diagnostics Masaryk Hospital University J E Purkinje 401 13 Usti nad Labem Czech Republic

Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove Charles University Prague 500 03 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Orthopaedics University J E Purkinje 401 13 Usti nad Labem Czech Republic

Department of Pathology Masaryk Hospital Usti nad Labem 401 13 Usti nad Labem Czech Republic

Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine 2nd Faculty of Medicine University Hospital Motol Charles University 150 06 Prague Czech Republic

Laboratory for Cerebrospinal Fluid Neuroimmunology Pathology and Special Diagnostics Topelex 190 00 Prague Czech Republic

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