Temperature is one of the decisive environmental factors that is projected to increase by 1. 5°C over the next two decades due to climate change that may affect various agronomic characteristics, such as biomass production, phenology and physiology, and yield-contributing traits in oilseed crops. Oilseed crops such as soybean, sunflower, canola, peanut, cottonseed, coconut, palm oil, sesame, safflower, olive etc., are widely grown. Specific importance is the vulnerability of oil synthesis in these crops against the rise in climatic temperature, threatening the stability of yield and quality. The natural defense system in these crops cannot withstand the harmful impacts of heat stress, thus causing a considerable loss in seed and oil yield. Therefore, a proper understanding of underlying mechanisms of genotype-environment interactions that could affect oil synthesis pathways is a prime requirement in developing stable cultivars. Heat stress tolerance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes and is challenging to study and characterize. However, heat tolerance studies to date have pointed to several sophisticated mechanisms to deal with the stress of high temperatures, including hormonal signaling pathways for sensing heat stimuli and acquiring tolerance to heat stress, maintaining membrane integrity, production of heat shock proteins (HSPs), removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assembly of antioxidants, accumulation of compatible solutes, modified gene expression to enable changes, intelligent agricultural technologies, and several other agronomic techniques for thriving and surviving. Manipulation of multiple genes responsible for thermo-tolerance and exploring their high expressions greatly impacts their potential application using CRISPR/Cas genome editing and OMICS technology. This review highlights the latest outcomes on the response and tolerance to heat stress at the cellular, organelle, and whole plant levels describing numerous approaches applied to enhance thermos-tolerance in oilseed crops. We are attempting to critically analyze the scattered existing approaches to temperature tolerance used in oilseeds as a whole, work toward extending studies into the field, and provide researchers and related parties with useful information to streamline their breeding programs so that they can seek new avenues and develop guidelines that will greatly enhance ongoing efforts to establish heat stress tolerance in oilseeds.

Agronomy Department Faculty of Agriculture Al Azhar University Cairo Egypt

Crop Science Group Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation University Bonn Bonn Germany

Department of Agricultural Biology Faculty of Agriculture University of Ruhuna Kamburupitiya Sri Lanka

Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture Kafrelsheikh University Kafr El Shaikh Egypt

Department of Agronomy Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan Pakistan

Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

Department of Botany and Plant Physiology Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czechia

Department of Field Crops Faculty of Agriculture Siirt University Siirt Turkey

Department of Forestry and Range Management University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

Department of Plant Physiology Slovak University of Agriculture Nitra Slovakia

Department of Plant Production College of Food and Agriculture King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Horticultural Sciences Department Tropical Research and Education Center Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida Homestead FL United States

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