In classical neuroscience, Dale´s principle postulates that neuronal identity is conferred by the specific neurotransmitter that it releases. However, the brain might be more tractable to specific situations regardless of specific specialisation which may contradict this principle. Hence, this constrained approach of how we perceive and study the nervous system must be revisited and revised, specifically by studying the dopaminergic system. We presume a relatively flexible change in the dopaminergic system due to neuronal activity or environmental changes. While the parallel between the reward system of mammals and insects is generally well accepted, herein, we extend the idea that the insect nervous system might also possess incredible plasticity, similar to the mammalian system. In this review, we critically evaluate the available information about the reward system in vertebrates and invertebrates, emphasising the dopaminergic neuronal plasticity, a challenge to the classical Dale's principle. Thus, neurotransmitter switching significantly disrupts the static idea of neural network organisation and suggests greater possibilities for a dynamic response to the current life context of organisms.

Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology Entomology and Plant Pathology Mississippi State University MS 39762 USA

Institute of Entomology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 České Budĕjovice 370 05 Czech Republic

Institute of Entomology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 České Budĕjovice 370 05 Czech Republic; Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 31 České Budĕjovice 370 05 Czech Republic

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