Brain reward system
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
- MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- motivace MeSH
- odměna MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
- učení MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
198 s. : il.
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster brain is the most extensively investigated model of a reward system in insects. Drosophila can discriminate between rewarding and punishing environmental stimuli and consequently undergo associative learning. Functional models, especially those modelling mushroom bodies, are constantly being developed using newly discovered information, adding to the complexity of creating a simple model of the reward system. This review aims to clarify whether its reward system also includes a hedonic component. Neurochemical systems that mediate the 'wanting' component of reward in the Drosophila brain are well documented, however, the systems that mediate the pleasure component of reward in mammals, including those involving the endogenous opioid and endocannabinoid systems, are unlikely to be present in insects. The mushroom body components exhibit differential developmental age and different functional processes. We propose a hypothetical hierarchy of the levels of reinforcement processing in response to particular stimuli, and the parallel processes that take place concurrently. The possible presence of activity-silencing and meta-satiety inducing levels in Drosophila should be further investigated.
- MeSH
- Drosophila melanogaster * MeSH
- Drosophila * MeSH
- houbová tělesa MeSH
- odměna MeSH
- posilování (psychologie) MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Neuronální systém odměny navazuje na struktury odpovědné za řízení motivace. Patří k nim systém receptorů monitorujících vnitřní prostředí organismu (chemoreceptory a mechanoreceptory v jednotlivých orgánech těla, chemoreceptory hypotalamu), integrační okruhy a dráhy retikulární formace, hypotalamus, amygdala, septum a další oddíly limbického systému. Výstup z tohoto systému do mozkové kůry řídí specifickou modulaci chování - motivaci, motivační úsilí a pohnutku k činnosti naplňující určité základní biologické potřeby. Nejsilnější odezvu má aktivita ventrálního tegmenta, které je zdrojem dopaminergních vláken inervujících ostatní oddíly limbického systému a mozkové kůry. U člověka má velký význam interakce systému odměny s oblastmi prefrontální kůry. Charakteristické funkce této oblasti - výběr optimální strategie chování - jsou aktivitou systému odměny silně ovlivňovány.
Brain reward system links to structures responsible for the control of motivation. Beside the receptor system monitoring the composition of the internal environment (chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in body organs, hypothalamic chemoreceptors) brain reword system includes connecting pathways and integration circuits in the hypothalamus, amygdala, septum, reticular formation, and orbitofrontal cortex. Output of this system into the cerebral cortex controls the specific modulation of the behaviour - motivation and drive to accomplish basic biological needs of the organism. The strongest effect results from the activity of ventral tegmentum, which is the source of dopaminergic fibres innervating other regions of the limbic system and cerebral cortex. In humans, interaction of the reward system with regions of the prefrontal cortex becomes specifically significant. Characteristic function of the prefrontal cortex - the selection of optimal behavioural strategy - is strongly modulated by the reward system.
- Klíčová slova
- neuronální systém odměny, mezolimbický dopaminergní systém,
- MeSH
- dopamin fyziologie sekrece MeSH
- dopaminergní neurony fyziologie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motivace fyziologie MeSH
- odměna MeSH
- operantní podmiňování fyziologie MeSH
- podněty MeSH
- signální transdukce fyziologie MeSH
- tegmentum mesencephali - area ventralis fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Methylphenidate is a stimulant used to treat attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the last decade, illicit use of methylphenidate has increased among healthy young adults, who consume the drug under the assumption that it will improve cognitive performance. However, the studies that aimed to assess the methylphenidate effects on memory are not consistent. Here, we tested whether the effect of methylphenidate on a spatial memory task can be explained as a motivational and/or a reward effect. We tested the effects of acute and chronic i.p. administration of 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg of methylphenidate on motivation, learning and memory by using the 8-arm radial maze task. Adult male Wistar rats learned that 3 of the 8 arms of the maze were consistently baited with 1, 3, or 6 sucrose pellets, and the number of entries and reentries into reinforced and non-reinforced arms of the maze were scored. Neither acute nor chronic (20 days) methylphenidate treatment affected the number of entries in the non-baited arms. However, chronic, but not acute, 1-3 mg/kg methylphenidate increased the number of reentries in the higher reward arms, which suggests a motivational/rewarding effect rather than a working memory deficit. In agreement with this hypothesis, the methylphenidate treatment also decreased the approach latency to the higher reward arms, increased the approach latency to the low reward arm, and increased the time spent in the high, but not low, reward arm. These findings suggest that methylphenidate may act more as a motivational enhancer rather than a cognitive enhancer in healthy people.
- MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha * farmakoterapie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- methylfenidát * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- motivace MeSH
- odměna MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- stimulanty centrálního nervového systému * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
... List of contributors 7 -- Preface 19 -- Prenatal ontogeny -- Metabolic dilferentiation of embryonic brain ... ... Teissinger 23 -- Brain Malformation and the encephalic fluid pressure -- R. Jelínek, M. ... ... Uzbekov 197 -- Adrenergic mechanisms of the developing brain -- V. V. ... ... Martínek 337 -- Production of autoantibodies against the brain tissue during hypoxia -- Z. ... ... : an appetitive system for ingestive behavior in infant rats -- VV. ...
609 s. : il.
The ability to flexibly switch between tasks is an important faculty in daily life. One process that has been suggested to be an important aspect of flexible task switching is the inhibition of a recently performed task. This is called backward inhibition. Several studies suggest that task switching performance can be enhanced by rewards. However, it is less clear in how far backward inhibition mechanisms are also affected by rewards, especially when it comes to the neuronal mechanisms underlying reward-related modulations of backward inhibition. We therefore investigated this using a system neurophysiological approach combining EEG recordings with source localization techniques. We demonstrate that rewards reduce the strength of backward inhibition processes. The neurophysiological data shows that these reward-related effects emerge from response and/or conflict monitoring processes within medial frontal cortical structures. Upstream processes of perceptual gating and attentional selection, as well as downstream processes of context updating and stimulus-response mapping are not modulated by reward, even though they also play a role in backward inhibition effects.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektroencefalografie metody MeSH
- exekutivní funkce fyziologie MeSH
- inhibice (psychologie) * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozek fyziologie MeSH
- odměna * MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Od Aristotelových dob se uvažuje o slastné, neboli hédonické a eudaimonické stránce štěstí, tou je míněn „správně žitý život.“ Pochopení neurobiologie senzorické slasti učinilo podstatný krok dopředu. Mezidruhový výzkum zjistil, že se slast manifestuje ve vědomí (subjektivním pocitem „mám to rád“), dále objektivně v mozku a v chování („mám to rád“). Kromě pocitu „mám to rád“ jsou složkami odměny chtění, které je motivací pro zisk odměny, a učení, které je podkladem asociací, reprezentací a předpovědí týkajících se zisku příští odměny. „Hédonický mozek“ je popisem neuroanatomie slasti. Tvoří ho oboustranná neuronální síť velkého rozsahu s podkorovými oblastmi, např. šedí kolem mokovodu, area tegmentalis ventralis, ventrálním palidem a ventrálním striatem (nc. accumbens), jakož i části korové, orbitofrontální, cingulární, mediální prefrontální a insulární kůra. Smysl slasti, eudaimonický aspekt štěstí, může být výsledkem činnosti implicitního systému mozku. Klíčová slova: odměna – slast – hédonický mozek
Ever since Aristotle, happiness has been thought of as pleasure (hedonia) and a life well-lived (eudamonia). Substantial progress in understanding the neurobiology of sensory pleasure has been made. Interspecies pleasure research says that pleasure manifests in consciousness (subjective liking) and in brain and behavioural reactions (objective liking). Beyond the feeling of liking there are components of reward that contain wanting, motivation for reward and learning, associations, representations and predictions about future rewards. The “hedonic brain” is a description of the neuroanatomy of pleasure, a large scale neuronal network consisting of subcortical nuclei, eg. periaquaductal gray, ventral tegmental area, ventral palidum and nc. accumbens (ventral striatum) and of cortical parts, orbitofrontal, cingulate, medial frontal and insular cortices. Pleasure, eudamonic happiness, may arise due to the function of brain’s default system. Keywords: reward – pleasure – hedonic brain
- Klíčová slova
- slast,
- MeSH
- bazální ganglia fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování mozku * MeSH
- nervová síť * MeSH
- neurovědy MeSH
- odměna MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra fyziologie MeSH
- štěstí * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
The formation of memories is a complex, multi-scale phenomenon, especially when it involves integration of information from various brain systems. We have investigated the differences between a novel and consolidated association of spatial cues and amphetamine administration, using an in situ hybridisation method to track the short-term dynamics during the recall testing. We have found that remote recall group involves smaller, but more consolidated groups of neurons, which is consistent with their specialisation. By employing machine learning analysis, we have shown this pattern is especially pronounced in the VTA; furthermore, we also uncovered significant activity patterns in retrosplenial and prefrontal cortices, as well as in the DG and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. The behavioural propensity towards the associated localisation appears to be driven by the nucleus accumbens, however, further modulated by a trio of the amygdala, VTA and hippocampus, as the trained association is confronted with test experience. Moreover, chemogenetic analysis revealed central amygdala as critical for linking appetitive emotional states with spatial contexts. These results show that memory mechanisms must be modelled considering individual differences in motivation, as well as covering dynamics of the process.
- MeSH
- amfetamin farmakologie MeSH
- amygdala fyziologie MeSH
- hipokampus * fyziologie MeSH
- konsolidace paměti * fyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mozek fyziologie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- nucleus accumbens * fyziologie MeSH
- odměna * MeSH
- paměť fyziologie MeSH
- podněty MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra fyziologie MeSH
- rozpomínání * fyziologie MeSH
- strojové učení MeSH
- tegmentum mesencephali - area ventralis * fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH