Tree size shapes forest carbon dynamics and determines how trees interact with their environment, including a changing climate. Here, we conduct the first global analysis of among-site differences in how aboveground biomass stocks and fluxes are distributed with tree size. We analyzed repeat tree censuses from 25 large-scale (4-52 ha) forest plots spanning a broad climatic range over five continents to characterize how aboveground biomass, woody productivity, and woody mortality vary with tree diameter. We examined how the median, dispersion, and skewness of these size-related distributions vary with mean annual temperature and precipitation. In warmer forests, aboveground biomass, woody productivity, and woody mortality were more broadly distributed with respect to tree size. In warmer and wetter forests, aboveground biomass and woody productivity were more right skewed, with a long tail towards large trees. Small trees (1-10 cm diameter) contributed more to productivity and mortality than to biomass, highlighting the importance of including these trees in analyses of forest dynamics. Our findings provide an improved characterization of climate-driven forest differences in the size structure of aboveground biomass and dynamics of that biomass, as well as refined benchmarks for capturing climate influences in vegetation demographic models.

Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Móstoles 28933 Spain

Bell Museum University of Minnesota St Paul MN 55108 USA

Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea

Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice 37005 Czech Republic

CAS Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016

Centre for Ecological Sciences and Divecha Centre for Climate Change Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Karnataka India

Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Karnataka India

College of Chemistry and Life Sciences Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004

College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou

Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal VA 22630 USA

Departamento de Ciencias Forestales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín Medellín Colombia

Department of Biological Sciences National Sun Yat sen University Kaohsiung City 80424

Department of Biology Middlebury College Middlebury VT 05753 USA

Department of Biology University of Hawaii Hilo HI 96720 USA

Department of Botany and Plant Physiology University of Buea Buea Cameroon

Department of Botany National Museum of Natural History Washington DC 20560 USA

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Herbarium University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA

Department of Ecology Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA

Department of Environmental Sciences University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR USA

Department of Forest Ecology Silva Tarouca Research Institute Brno 602 00 Czech Republic

Department of Natural and Applied Sciences University of Wisconsin Green Bay Green Bay WI 54311 7001 USA

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies National Dong Hwa University Hualien 974301

Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota St Paul MN 55108 USA

Department of Science and Technology Faculty of Applied Sciences Uva Wellassa University Badulla 90000 Sri Lanka

Faculty of Sciences University of Kisangani BP 2012 Kisangani Democratic Republic of the Congo

Forest Ecology Group Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater MD 21037 USA

Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater MD 21037 USA

Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado Postal 0843 03092 Panama City Panama

Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Washington DC 20560 USA

Forestry and Environment Division Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kepong Selangor 52109 Malaysia

Graduate School of Science Osaka City University Osaka 5588585 Japan

Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology National Taiwan University Taipei 10617

Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry USDA Forest Service Hilo HI 96720 USA

Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Sinchi Bogota DC Colombia

Research Development and Innovation Division Forest Department Sarawak Bangunan Baitul Makmur 2 Medanraya Petrajaya Kuching 93050 Malaysia

School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen AB24 3UU UK

School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Vancouver WA 99164 USA

State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiangshan Beijing 100093

Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Taipei 100051

The Royal Society SEARRP Danum Valley Field Centre Lahad Datu Sabah Malaysia

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0SB UK

UR Forests and Societies Cirad Université de Montpellier Montpellier 34000 France

Wildland Resources Department Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA

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