International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees.

Agri Food and Biosciences Institute Belfast UK

Agriculture Victoria Research Agribio Centre Bundoora Victoria Australia

Biotechnical Faculty University of Montenegro Podgorica Montenegro

CABI Beijing China

CABI Delémont Switzerland

Central Siberian Botanical Garden Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch Novosibirsk Russia

College of Forestry and Biotechnology Zhejiang A and F University Hangzhou China

Croatian Forest Research Institute Jastrebarsko Croatia

D B Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA

Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine Dublin Republic of Ireland

Department of Environmental Biology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy

Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection University of Agriculture in Krakow Krakow Poland

Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA

Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources University of Valladolid Palencia Spain

DIBAF University of Tuscia Viterbo Italy

Faculty of Forestry Çankırı Karatekin University Cankiri Turkey

Fera Science Ltd National Agri food Innovation Campus York UK

Forest Research Institute Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter Thessaloniki Greece

Forest Zoology Research Unit French National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment Orléans France

Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa

Forestry and Wood Technology Linnaeus University Växjö Sweden

GREEN IT Bioresources for Sustainability ITQB NOVA Oeiras Portugal

Harry Butler Institute Murdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia

Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection National Research Council C N R Sesto Fiorentino Italy

Institute of Agricultural Sciences ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland

Institute of Botany at the Nature Research Centre Vilnius Lithuania

Institute of Forest Ecology Slovak Academy of Sciences Nitra Slovakia

Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia

Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia

Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland

Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche Bariloche Argentina

Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária 1 P Oeiras Portugal

Isparta University of Applied Sciences Isparta Turkey

Meise Botanic Garden Meise Belgium

National Forest Centre Forest Research Institute Zvolen Slovakia

National Plant Protection Organisation Netherlands Food and Consumers Product Safety Authority Ministry of Agriculture Nature and Food Quality Wageningen Netherlands

National Research Institute of Rural Engineering Water and Forests Ariana Tunisia

Natural Resources Institute Finland Suonenjoki Finland

NIBIO Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research Ås Norway

NMBU Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway

Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria Melbourne Victoria Australia

School of Applied Systems Biology La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia

Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk Russia

Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening Pruhonice Czech Republic

Slovenian Forestry Institute Ljubljana Slovenia

South African National Biodiversity Institute Kirstenbosch Research Centre Cape Town South Africa

Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden

Sukachev Institute of Forest Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS Krasnoyarsk Russia

Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute University of Valladolid INIA Palencia Spain

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland

Tanzania Forestry Research Institute Lushoto Tanzania

Ukrainian National Forestry University Lviv Ukraine

Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry and Forest Melioration Kharkiv Ukraine

Ukrainian Research Institute of Mountain Forestry Ivano Frankivsk Ukraine

University of Sopron Forest Research Institute Department of Forest Protection Mátrafüred Hungary

USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station Athens Georgia USA

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Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees

Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs