In Europe, forest management has controlled forest dynamics to sustain commodity production over multiple centuries. Yet over-regulation for growth and yield diminishes resilience to environmental stress as well as threatens biodiversity, leading to increasing forest susceptibility to an array of disturbances. These trends have stimulated interest in alternative management systems, including natural dynamics silviculture (NDS). NDS aims to emulate natural disturbance dynamics at stand and landscape scales through silvicultural manipulations of forest structure and landscape patterns. We adapted a "Comparability Index" (CI) to assess convergence/divergence between natural disturbances and forest management effects. We extended the original CI concept based on disturbance size and frequency by adding the residual structure of canopy trees after a disturbance as a third dimension. We populated the model by compiling data on natural disturbance dynamics and management from 13 countries in Europe, covering four major forest types (i.e., spruce, beech, oak, and pine-dominated forests). We found that natural disturbances are highly variable in size, frequency, and residual structure, but European forest management fails to encompass this complexity. Silviculture in Europe is skewed toward even-aged systems, used predominately (72.9% of management) across the countries assessed. The residual structure proved crucial in the comparison of natural disturbances and silvicultural systems. CI indicated the highest congruence between uneven-aged silvicultural systems and key natural disturbance attributes. Even so, uneven-aged practices emulated only a portion of the complexity associated with natural disturbance effects. The remaining silvicultural systems perform poorly in terms of retention compared to tree survivorship after natural disturbances. We suggest that NDS can enrich Europe's portfolio of management systems, for example where wood production is not the primary objective. NDS is especially relevant to forests managed for habitat quality, risk reduction, and a variety of ecosystem services. We suggest a holistic approach integrating NDS with more conventional practices.

Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany

Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary

CNPF CRPF Occitanie Tarbes France

Department of Agriculture Forestry and Food Sciences University of Turin Grugliasco Italy

Department of Forest Biodiversity University of Agriculture in Krakow Krakow Poland

Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Koppang Norway

Department of Plant Systematics Ecology and Theoretical Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Freising Germany

Faculty of Biology University of Latvia Riga Latvia

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic

Field Station Fabrikschleichach Biocenter University of Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany

Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA

Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Economics University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria

Institute of Forest Management School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Freising Germany

Institute of Silviculture Department of Forest and Soil Sciences University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria

National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry Marin Dracea Voluntari Romania

Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA

School for Forest Management Faculty of Forest Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Skinnskatteberg Sweden

School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Finland

University Grenoble Alpes INRAE LESSEM Saint Martin D'Hères France

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna Austria

University of Toulouse INRAE UMR DYNAFOR Castanet Tolosan France

WWF Hungary Budapest Hungary

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Ecol Appl. 2022 Dec;32(8):e2710. doi: 10.1002/eap.2710. PubMed

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Can triad forestry reconcile Europe's biodiversity and forestry strategies? A critical evaluation of forest zoning