Fabrication of an appropriate skin scaffold needs to meet several standards related to the mechanical and biological properties. Fully natural/green scaffolds with acceptable biodegradability, biocompatibility, and physiological properties quite often suffer from poor mechanical properties. Therefore, for appropriate skin tissue engineering and to mimic the real functions, we need to use synthetic polymers and/or additives as complements to green polymers. Green nanocomposites (either nanoscale natural macromolecules or biopolymers containing nanoparticles) are a class of scaffolds with acceptable biomedical properties window (drug delivery and cardiac, nerve, bone, cartilage as well as skin tissue engineering), enabling one to achieve the required level of skin regeneration and wound healing. In this review, we have collected, summarized, screened, analyzed, and interpreted the properties of green nanocomposites used in skin tissue engineering and wound dressing. We particularly emphasize the mechanical and biological properties that skin cells need to meet when seeded on the scaffold. In this regard, the latest state of the art studies directed at fabrication of skin tissue and bionanocomposites as well as their mechanistic features are discussed, whereas some unspoken complexities and challenges for future developments are highlighted.

Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry School of Chemistry College of Science University of Tehran 11155 4563 Tehran Iran

College of Engineering and Technology American University of the Middle East Egaila 54200 Kuwait

Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 United States

Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Gdańsk University of Technology G Narutowicza 11 12 80 233 Gdańsk Poland

Department of Mechanical Engineering Sharif University of Technology 11155 9567 Tehran Iran

Department of Physics Sharif University of Technology P O Box 11155 9161 Tehran 145888 9694 Iran

Department of Polymer Technology Faculty of Chemistry Gdańsk University of Technology G Narutowicza 11 12 80 233 Gdańsk Poland

Jiangsu Co Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China

New Technologies Research Centre University of West Bohemia Veleslavínova 42 301 00 Plzeň Czech Republic

School of Engineering Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia

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