The forensic scenario, on which the round robin study was based, simulated a suspected intentional manipulation of a real estate rental agreement consisting of a total of three pages. The aims of this study were to (i) establish the amount and reliability of information extractable from a single type of evidence and to (ii) provide suggestions on the most suitable combination of compatible techniques for a multi-modal imaging approach to forgery detection. To address these aims, seventeen laboratories from sixteen countries were invited to answer the following tasks questions: (i) which printing technique was used? (ii) were the three pages printed with the same printer? (iii) were the three pages made from the same paper? (iv) were the three pages originally stapled? (v) were the headings and signatures written with the same ink? and (vi) were headings and signatures of the same age on all pages? The methods used were classified into the following categories: Optical spectroscopy, including multispectral imaging, smartphone mapping, UV-luminescence and LIBS; Infrared spectroscopy, including Raman and FTIR (micro-)spectroscopy; X-ray spectroscopy, including SEM-EDX, PIXE and XPS; Mass spectrometry, including ICPMS, SIMS, MALDI and LDIMS; Electrostatic imaging, as well as non-imaging methods, such as non-multimodal visual inspection, (micro-)spectroscopy, physical testing and thin layer chromatography. The performance of the techniques was evaluated as the proportion of discriminated sample pairs to all possible sample pairs. For the undiscriminated sample pairs, a distinction was made between undecidability and false positive claims. It was found that none of the methods used were able to solve all tasks completely and/or correctly and that certain methods were a priori judged unsuitable by the laboratories for some tasks. Correct results were generally achieved for the discrimination of printer toners, whereas incorrect results in the discrimination of inks. For the discrimination of paper, solid state analytical methods proved to be superior to mass spectrometric methods. None of the participating laboratories deemed addressing ink age feasible. It was concluded that correct forensic statements can only be achieved by the complementary application of different methods and that the classical approach of round robin studies to send standardised subsamples to the participants is not feasible for a true multimodal approach if the techniques are not available at one location.

10 Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Lab Central Service to Support Research Building University of Málaga 29071 Málaga Spain

Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Senftenberg Central Analytical Laboratory Konrad Wachsmann Allee 6 03046 Cottbus Germany

Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Senftenberg Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics Universitätsplatz 1 01968 Senftenberg Germany

Centre for Forensic Soil Science James Hutton Institute UK AB15 8QH

Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre at Sheffield Hallam University Howard Street S1 1WB Sheffield UK

Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre at Sheffield Hallam University Howard Street S1 1WB Sheffield UK presently at Foster Freeman Evesham UK

Department of Cartographic Engineering Geodesy and Photogrammetry Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s n Edificio 7i 46022 Valencia Spain

Department of Computer Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU POBox 191 2802 Gjøvik Norway

Department of Experimental Physics Rudjer Boskovic Institute Bijenicka c 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia

Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Málaga Campus de Teatinos s n 29071 Málaga Spain

ENEA Department FSN ING C R Brasimone 40032 Camugnano BO Italy

ENEA Department FSN TECFIS DIM Via E Fermi 45 00044 Frascati RM Italy

King's College London Department of Analytical Environmental and Forensic Sciences SE1 9NH London UK

Latent Fingerprint Laboratory Division of Identification and Forensic Science Israel Police National H Q Jerusalem 9780204 Israel

Lodz University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry 90 543 Lodz Zeromskiego 116 Poland

Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht Netherlands

Netherlands Forensic Institute Laan van Ypenburg 6 2497 GB The Hague The Netherlands

Physics and Chemistry Sector Forensic Science Laboratory of Polícia Judiciária Ed Sede da Polícia Judiciária Rua Gomes Freire 1169 007 Lisboa Portugal

Physics Department Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ss Cyril and Methodius University Arhimedova St 3 Skopje North Macedonia

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacký University Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacký University Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic; Biology Centre ISB CAS Department of Nanobiotechnology Na Sadkach 7 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

Regional Scienitific Support Services Yorkshire and the Humber Peel Avenue Calder Park Wakefield WF2 7UA UK

Scientific and Practical Centre of the State Forensic Examination Committee of the Republic of Belarus Minsk Belarus

Slovac Academy of Sciences Intitute of Materials and Machine Mechanics Dubravska cesta 9 845 13 Bratislava Slovak Republic

State Forensic Science Bureau Latvia Invalidu Str 1 Riga LV1013 Latvia

TU Wien Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Getreidemarkt 9 164 IAC 1060 Vienna Vienna

Universidade do Porto ICT Pólo Porto DGAOT Faculdade de Ciências Porto Portugal

University of Belgrade Institute for Multidisciplinary Research Kneza Viseslava 1 11000 Beograd Serbia

University of Bergamo Department of Law Via Moroni 255 24127 Bergamo Italy

University of Latvia Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy Raina Blvd 19 Riga LV 1586 Latvia

University of Malta Faculty of Medicine and Surgery Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking Msida MSD2080 Malta

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