There is no consensus regarding the classification of optic neuritis, and precise diagnostic criteria are not available. This reality means that the diagnosis of disorders that have optic neuritis as the first manifestation can be challenging. Accurate diagnosis of optic neuritis at presentation can facilitate the timely treatment of individuals with multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Epidemiological data show that, cumulatively, optic neuritis is most frequently caused by many conditions other than multiple sclerosis. Worldwide, the cause and management of optic neuritis varies with geographical location, treatment availability, and ethnic background. We have developed diagnostic criteria for optic neuritis and a classification of optic neuritis subgroups. Our diagnostic criteria are based on clinical features that permit a diagnosis of possible optic neuritis; further paraclinical tests, utilising brain, orbital, and retinal imaging, together with antibody and other protein biomarker data, can lead to a diagnosis of definite optic neuritis. Paraclinical tests can also be applied retrospectively on stored samples and historical brain or retinal scans, which will be useful for future validation studies. Our criteria have the potential to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis, provide information on optic neuritis disease course that can guide future treatment trial design, and enable physicians to judge the likelihood of a need for long-term pharmacological management, which might differ according to optic neuritis subgroups.

Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi Kenya

Center for Advanced Neurological Research Nitte University Karnataka India

Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia Espinho Portugal

Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

College of Medicine University of the Philippines Philippine General Hospital Manila Philippines

Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation UCL Institute of Neurology Faculty of Brain Sciences London UK

Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark; Department of Neurology Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark

Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada

Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany

Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology Medical University of Lublin Lublin Poland

Department of General Planning Ho Chi Minh City Eye Hospital Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

Department of Head and Neck Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium; Department of Ophthalmology Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc Brusseles Belgium

Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand

Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Koriyama Japan

Department of Neuro Ophthalmology Instituto Paulista Da Visão Higienópolis Brazil

Department of Neuro Ophthalmology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

Department of Neurology Ain Shams University Hospitals Cairo Egypt

Department of Neurology and Reflexology The Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine

Department of Neurology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece

Department of Neurology Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University Almaty Kazakhstan

Department of Neurology Auckland City Hospital Auckland New Zealand

Department of Neurology Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João and Faculty of Health Sciences University Fernando Pessoa Porto Portugal

Department of Neurology Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc Brussels Belgium; Neurochemistry Unit Institute of Neuroscience UCLouvain Brussels Belgium

Department of Neurology Department of Population Health and Department of Ophthalmology New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA

Department of Neurology Gabriel Touré University Hospital Bamako Mali

Department of Neurology Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel

Department of Neurology Hopitaux Universitaires Strasbourg Strasbourg France

Department of Neurology Hospital Clinic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain

Department of Neurology Hospital Foundation Adolphe de Rothschild Paris France

Department of Neurology Hospital Santo Tomás Panama City Panama; Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud Universidad Interamericana de Panama Panama City Panama

Department of Neurology Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Cerrahpasa School of Medicine Istanbul Türkiye

Department of Neurology Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center Moshi Tanzania

Department of Neurology Laboratory of Neuroimmunology Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto CA USA

Department of Neurology Linköping University Hospital Linköping Sweden

Department of Neurology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic; St Anne's University Hospital Brno Czech Republic

Department of Neurology Medical University of Lublin Lublin Poland

Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Neurology National Cancer Center Goyang South Korea

Department of Neurology National Paediatric Hospital Dr Juan P Garrahan Buenos Aires Argentina

Department of Neurology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark

Department of Neurology Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway

Department of Neurology Penang General Hospital Penang Malaysia

Department of Neurology Prime Healthcare Group Dubai United Arab Emirates

Department of Neurology Razi University Hospital University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia

Department of Neurology School of Medicine UDELAR Montevideo Uruguay

Department of Neurology Slagelse and Institute of Regional Health Research and Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark

Department of Neurology Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Sendai Japan

Department of Neurology Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Department of Neurology University Clinic Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Department of Neurology University Mouloud Mammeri de Ttizi Ouzou Ttizi Ouzou Algeria

Department of Neurology University of KwaZulu Natal Durban South Africa

Department of Neurology University of Zagreb School of Medicine Zagreb Croatia; Department of Neurology University Hospital Center Zagreb Zagreb Croatia

Department of Neuroradiology St Vincent's Hospital Sydney NSW Australia

Department of Neurosurgery Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kelantan Malaysia

Department of Ophthalmology Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Department of Ophthalmology College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy and Hai Yen Vision Institute Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

Department of Ophthalmology Hospital Clinic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Department of Ophthalmology Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona Spain

Department of Ophthalmology Hospital Universitario La Paz Madrid Spain

Department of Ophthalmology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA

Department of Ophthalmology King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Department of Ophthalmology Kursk State Medical University Kursk Russia

Department of Ophthalmology of Ramon y Cajal Hospital and Alcala University Madrid Madrid Spain

Department of Ophthalmology Taipei Veterans General Hospital National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine Taipei Taiwan

Department of Ophthalmology Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium

Department of Ophthalmology University Clinical Center Tuzla Tuzla Bosnia and Herzegovina

Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Liege University of Liège Liège Belgium

Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital of Bordeaux Bordeaux France

Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital of Martinique Martinique French West Indies France

Department of Ophthalmology University of Alberta AB Canada

Department of Ophthalmology University of Benin Benin City Nigeria

Department of Ophthalmology University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Department of Ophthalmology University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS USA

Department of Ophthalmology University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia

Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders and Department of Ophthalmology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Prague Czech Republic

Department of Radiology Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China

Division of Neurology Department of Medicine Al Amiri Hospital Kuwait City Kuwait

Division of Ophthalmology University of São Paulo Medical School São Paulo Brazil

Experimental and Clinical Research Center Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universiätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Eye Center Medical Center Medical Faculty University of Freiburg Germany

Eye Hospital University Medical Centre Ljubljana Slovenia

Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina Faculty of Medicine Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas Risaralda Colombia

Lyon Neurosciences Research Center Lyon 1 University Lyon France; Neuro Ophthalmology Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon Lyon France

Multiple Sclerosis Center Sheba Medical Center Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Neuro Ophthalmology Unit at Rabin Medical Center Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Neuro Ophthalmology Unit Emory Eye Center Emory University Atlanta GA USA

Neuro Ophthalmology Unit Ibn Sina Hospital Kuwait City Kuwait

School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland; Department of Neurology St Vincent's University Hospital Dublin Ireland

Service de Neurologie Sclérose en Plaques Pathologies de la Myéline et NeuroInflammation and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Bron France

Servicio de Oftalmología Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago Chile

Surgery Department of Juiz de Fora Medical School Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil

Sydney Neurology Sydney NSW Australia

The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery University College London London UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital London UK; Neuro ophthalmology Expert Centre Amsterdam University Medical Center Amsterdam Netherlands

The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA

Ufa Eye Research Institute Ufa Russia

Unité de Neurologie Inflammatoire B4 CHU Pierre Paul Riquet Purpan Toulouse France

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Centro Médico ABC Mexico City Mexico

Vita Salute San Raffaele University Experimental Neurophysiology Unit Institute of Experimental Neurology INSPE Scientific Institute San Raffaele Milan Italy

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Citace poskytuje Crossref.org

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