Allergic diseases and immunodeficiencies in children, lessons learnt from COVID-19 pandemic by 2022: A statement from the EAACI-section on pediatrics
Jazyk angličtina Země Anglie, Velká Británie Médium print
Typ dokumentu časopisecké články
PubMed
36282136
PubMed Central
PMC9538373
DOI
10.1111/pai.13851
Knihovny.cz E-zdroje
- Klíčová slova
- COVID-19, MIS-C, SARS-CoV-2, allergic diseases, allergy, asthma, care, children, eczema, food allergy, immunodeficiencies, lockdown, long covid, pandemic, post-covid-19 condition, vaccination,
- MeSH
- alergie * MeSH
- bronchiální astma * epidemiologie MeSH
- COVID-19 * epidemiologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- postakutní syndrom COVID-19 MeSH
- syndromy imunologické nedostatečnosti * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
By the April 12, 2022, the COVID-19 pandemic had resulted in over half a billion people being infected worldwide. There have been 6.1 million deaths directly due to the infection, but the pandemic has had many more short- and long-term pervasive effects on the physical and mental health of the population. Allergic diseases are among the most prevalent noncommunicable chronic diseases in the pediatric population, and health-care professionals and researchers were seeking answers since the beginning of pandemic. Children are at lower risk of developing severe COVID-19 or dying from infection. Allergic diseases are not associated with a higher COVID-19 severity and mortality, apart from severe/poorly controlled asthma. The pandemic disrupted routine health care, but many mitigation strategies, including but not limited to telemedicine, were successfully implemented to continue delivery of high-standard care. Although children faced a multitude of pandemic-related issues, allergic conditions were effectively treated remotely while reduction in air pollution and lack of contact with outdoor allergens resulted in improvement, particularly respiratory allergies. There is no evidence to recommend substantial changes to usual management modalities of allergic conditions in children, including allergen immunotherapy and use of biologicals. Allergic children are not at greater risk of multisystem inflammatory syndrome development, but some associations with Long COVID were reported, although the data are limited, and further research is needed. This statement of the EAACI Section on Pediatrics provides recommendations based on the lessons learnt from the pandemic, as available evidence.
Allergy Department Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesus Madrid Spain
Child Health Department University of Ioannina School of Medicine Ioannina Greece
Children's Allergy Service Evelina Children's Hospital Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital London UK
European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Zurich Switzerland
Pediatric Allergy and Asthma School of Medicine Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
Zobrazit více v PubMed
The World Health Organization . WHO coronavirus (COVID‐19) dashboard; 2022. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://covid19.who.int/
Li J, Huang DQ, Zou B, et al. Epidemiology of COVID‐19: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes. J Med Virol. 2021;93(3):1449‐1458. PubMed PMC
Swann OV, Holden KA, Turtle L, et al. Clinical characteristics of children and young people admitted to hospital with covid‐19 in United Kingdom: prospective multicentre observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;370:m3249. PubMed PMC
Munblit D, Nekliudov NA, Bugaeva P, et al. Stop COVID cohort: an observational study of 3480 patients admitted to the Sechenov university hospital network in Moscow City for suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(1):1‐11. PubMed PMC
Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid‐19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1985. PubMed PMC
Michelen M, Manoharan L, Elkheir N, et al. Characterising long COVID: a living systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(9):e005427. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005427 PubMed DOI PMC
Payne AB, Gilani Z, Godfred‐Cato S, et al. Incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children among US persons infected with SARS‐CoV‐2. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2116420. PubMed PMC
Brough HA, Kalayci O, Sediva A, et al. Managing childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies during respiratory virus epidemics – the 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic: a statement from the EAACI‐section on pediatrics. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020;31(5):442‐448. PubMed PMC
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Jama. 2020;323(13):1239‐1242. PubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Demographic trends of COVID‐19 cases and deaths in the US reported to CDC; 2022. Accessed February 18, 2022. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid‐data‐tracker/?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019‐ncov%2Fcases‐updates%2Fcases‐in‐us.html#demographics
Oualha M, Bendavid M, Berteloot L, et al. Severe and fatal forms of COVID‐19 in children. Arch Pediatr. 2020;27(5):235‐238. PubMed PMC
Foster CE, Moulton EA, Munoz FM, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in children cared for at Texas Children's Hospital: initial clinical characteristics and outcomes. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2020;9(3):373‐377. PubMed PMC
Gotzinger F, Santiago‐Garcia B, Noguera‐Julian A, et al. COVID‐19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(9):653‐661. PubMed PMC
Kim L, Whitaker M, O'Halloran A, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of children aged <18 years hospitalized with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 – COVID‐NET, 14 states, March 1‐July 25, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(32):1081‐1088. PubMed PMC
United Nations Children's Fund . Child mortality and COVID‐19; 2022. Accessed February 18, 2022. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child‐survival/covid‐19/
American Academy of Pediatrics . Children and COVID‐19: state‐level data report; 2022. Accessed February 18, 2022. https://www.aap.org/en/pages/2019‐novel‐coronavirus‐covid‐19‐infections/children‐and‐covid‐19‐state‐level‐data‐report/
Bunyavanich S, Do A, Vicencio A. Nasal gene expression of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 in children and adults. Jama. 2020;323(23):2427‐2429. PubMed PMC
Chatziparasidis G, Kantar A. COVID‐19 in children with asthma. Lung. 2021;199(1):7‐12. PubMed PMC
Chou J, Thomas PG, Randolph AG. Immunology of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children. Nat Immunol. 2022;23(2):177‐185. PubMed PMC
Du H, Dong X, Zhang JJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of 182 pediatric COVID‐19 patients with different severities and allergic status. Allergy. 2021;76(2):510‐532. PubMed PMC
Beken B, Ozturk GK, Aygun FD, Aydogmus C, Akar HH. Asthma and allergic diseases are not risk factors for hospitalization in children with coronavirus disease 2019. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;126(5):569‐575. PubMed PMC
Timberlake D, Scherzer R, Prince B, Grayson M. COVID‐19 severity in hospitalized pediatric patients with atopic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(2 Supplement):AB79. PubMed
Amat F, Delaisi B, Labbe JP, Leonardi J, Houdouin V. Asthma may not be a risk factor for severe COVID‐19 in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(6):2478‐2479. PubMed PMC
Chao JY, Sugarman A, Kimura A, et al. Factors associated with hospitalization in children and adolescents with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Clin Pediatr. 2021;61:159‐167. PubMed
Darabi A, Dehghanfard M, Jozan S, et al. Investigating the association between allergic diseases and COVID‐19 in 400 Iranian patients. Allergol Immunopathol. 2021;49(5):9‐15. PubMed
Farzan S, Rai S, Cerise J, et al. Asthma and COVID‐19: an early inpatient and outpatient experience at a US children's hospital. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(8):2522‐2529. PubMed PMC
Geppe NA, Kolosova NG, Shakhnazarova MD, et al. COVID‐19 in children with bronchial asthma: clinical manifestations, course options, approaches to therapy. [Russian]. Ther Immunol. 2021;42(3):254‐260.
Metbulut AP, Mustafaoglu O, Sen G, et al. Evaluation of the clinical and laboratory findings of asthmatic children with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2021;182(10):989‐996. PubMed PMC
Bergman J, Ballin M, Nordstrom A, Nordstrom P. Risk factors for COVID‐19 diagnosis, hospitalization, and subsequent all‐cause mortality in Sweden: a nationwide study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36(3):287‐298. PubMed PMC
Shi T, Pan J, Katikireddi SV, et al. Risk of COVID‐19 hospital admission among children aged 5‐17 years with asthma in Scotland: a national incident cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;30:30. PubMed PMC
Antoon JW, Grijalva CG, Thurm C, et al. Factors associated with COVID‐19 disease severity in US children and adolescents. J Hosp Med. 2021;16(10):603‐610. PubMed PMC
Camiolo M, Gauthier M, Kaminski N, Ray A, Wenzel SE. Expression of SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor ACE2 and coincident host response signature varies by asthma inflammatory phenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(2):315‐324.e317. PubMed PMC
Chang EH, Willis AL, Romanoski CE, et al. Rhinovirus infections in individuals with asthma increase ACE2 expression and cytokine pathways implicated in COVID‐19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(5):753‐755. PubMed PMC
Castro‐Rodriguez JA, Forno E. Asthma and COVID‐19 in children: a systematic review and call for data. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(9):2412‐2418. PubMed PMC
Sunjaya AP, Allida SM, Di Tanna GL, Jenkins CR. Asthma and COVID‐19 risk: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eur Respir J. 2022;59(3):2101209. doi:10.1183/13993003.01209-2021 PubMed DOI PMC
Jackson DJ, Busse WW, Bacharier LB, et al. Association of respiratory allergy, asthma, and expression of the SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor ACE2. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(1):203‐206 e203. PubMed PMC
World Health O . Essential health services face continued disruption during COVID‐19 pandemic; 2022. Accessed February 9, 2022. https://www.who.int/news/item/07‐02‐2022‐essential‐health‐services‐face‐continued‐disruption‐during‐covid‐19‐pandemic
World Health O . The Impact of the COVID‐19 Pandemic on Noncommunicable Disease Resources and Services: Results of a Rapid Assessment. World Health Organization; 2020.
Papadopoulos NG, Custovic A, Deschildre A, et al. Impact of COVID‐19 on pediatric asthma: practice adjustments and disease burden. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2592‐2599.e2593. PubMed PMC
Rodriguez Del Rio P, Caimmi D, Rico P, et al. Real‐life report of allergen immunotherapy management during the COVID‐19 outbreak in France and Spain. Clin Exp Allergy. 2022;52(1):167‐170. PubMed PMC
Krishna MT, Beck S, Gribbin N, et al. The impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on adult and pediatric allergy & immunology services in the UK National Health Service. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(2):709‐722.e702. PubMed PMC
Williams A, Marriage D, Pur‐Ozyigit L, et al. National survey of allergen immunotherapy during the pandemic. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(12):1658.
Chen G, DunnGalvin A, Campbell DE. Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on quality of life for children and adolescents with food allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2022;52(1):162‐166. doi:10.1111/cea.13973 PubMed DOI PMC
Westwell‐Roper C, To S, Soller L, Evelyn Stewart S, Chan ES. The impact of COVID‐19 on food‐allergy‐specific anxiety: a cross‐sectional survey of parents of children with food allergies. Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Conference: Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Annual Scientific Meeting, CSACI. 2020;17(Suppl 1).
Clawson AH, Nwankwo CN, Blair AL, Pepper‐Davis M, Ruppe NM, Cole AB. COVID‐19 impacts on families of color and families of children with asthma. J Pediatr Psychol. 2021;46(4):378‐391. PubMed PMC
Harnik E, Foong RX, Batt R, et al. Trial of paediatric home allergy testing in response to COVID‐19 pandemic. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(12):1683.
Nichols AL, Sonnappa‐Naik M, Gardner L, et al. COVID‐19 and delivery of difficult asthma services. Arch Dis Child. 2021;2:e15. PubMed
Al Saleemi A, Farren L, McCarthy KF, et al. Management of anaphylaxis in children undergoing oral food challenges in an adapted COVID‐19 field hospital. Arch Dis Child. 2021;106(12):e52. PubMed
Byrne AM, Trujillo J, Fitzsimons J, et al. Mass food challenges in a vacant COVID‐19 stepdown facility: exceptional opportunity provides a model for the future. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(8):1756‐1763. PubMed PMC
Chua GT, Chan ES, Soller L, Cook VE, Vander Leek TK, Mak R. Home‐based Peanut Oral immunotherapy for low‐risk Peanut‐allergic preschoolers during the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond. Front Allergy. 2021;2:725165. PubMed PMC
Maeta A, Takaoka Y, Nakano A, et al. Progress of home‐based food allergy treatment during the coronavirus disease pandemic in Japan: a cross‐sectional multicenter survey. Children (Basel). 2021;8(10):15. PubMed PMC
Kouis P, Michaelidou E, Kinni P, et al. Pediatric asthma symptom control during lockdown for the COVID‐19 pandemic in spring 2020: a prospective community‐based study in Cyprus and Greece. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022;57(2):386‐394. PubMed
Pecoraro L, Castagnoli R, Salemi C, Piacentini G, Pietrobelli A, Marseglia GL. The "stay at home" COVID‐19 lockdown restriction may have prevented asthma exacerbations in children affected by pollen allergy: a single center experience. Minerva Pediatr (Torino). 2021;14. doi:10.23736/S2724-5276.21 PubMed DOI
Dondi A, Betti L, Carbone C, et al. Understanding the environmental factors related to the decrease in pediatric emergency department referrals for acute asthma during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022;57(1):66‐74. PubMed PMC
Perera F, Berberian A, Cooley D, et al. Potential health benefits of sustained air quality improvements in new York City: a simulation based on air pollution levels during the COVID‐19 shutdown. Environ Res. 2021;193:110555. PubMed
Ye Q, Liu H, Shang S. Non‐pharmaceutical interventions reduced the incidence and exacerbation of allergic diseases in children during the COVID‐19 pandemic. J Infect. 2021;30:418‐467. PubMed PMC
Choi HG, Kong IG. Asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis incidence in Korean adolescents before and after COVID‐19. J Clin Med. 2021;10(15):3446. PubMed PMC
Ferraro VA, Zamunaro A, Spaggiari S, Di Riso D, Zanconato S, Carraro S. Pediatric asthma control during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2021;9(2):561‐568. PubMed PMC
Bover‐Bauza C, Gomila MAR, Perez DD, et al. The impact of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic on the emergency department and management of the pediatric asthmatic patient. J Asthma Allergy. 2021;14:101‐108. PubMed PMC
Brindisi G, De Vittori V, De Nola R, et al. Updates on children with allergic rhinitis and asthma during the covid‐19 outbreak. J Clin Med. 2021;10(11):2278. PubMed PMC
Cahal M, Amirav I, Diamant N, Be'er M, Besor O, Lavie M. Real‐time effects of COVID‐19 pandemic lockdown on pediatric respiratory patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(6):1401‐1408. PubMed PMC
Papadopoulos NG, Mathioudakis AG, Custovic A, et al. Childhood asthma outcomes during the COVID‐19 pandemic: findings from the PeARL multi‐national cohort. Allergy. 2021;76(6):1765‐1775. PubMed PMC
Taytard J, Coquelin F, Beydon N. Improvement in asthma symptoms and pulmonary function in children after SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:745611. PubMed PMC
GINA Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention . GINA guidance about COVID‐19 and asthma; 2022. Accessed February 21, 2022. https://ginasthma.org/wp‐content/uploads/2022/02/22_02_10‐GINA‐COVID‐19‐and‐asthma.pdf
Maison N, Herbruggen H, Schaub B, et al. Impact of imposed social isolation and use of face masks on asthma course and mental health in pediatric and adult patients with recurrent wheeze and asthma. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2021;17(1):93. PubMed PMC
Yang Z, Wang X, Wan XG, et al. Pediatric asthma control during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022;57(1):20‐25. PubMed PMC
Alsulaiman JW, Kheirallah KA, Ajlony MJ, Al‐Tamimi TM, Khasawneh RA, Al‐Natour L. Paediatric asthma exacerbation admissions and stringency of non‐pharmaceutical interventions: results from a developing country. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(9):e14423. PubMed
Bun S, Kishimoto K, Shin JH, et al. Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on asthma exacerbations in children: a multi‐center survey using an administrative database in Japan. Allergol Int. 2021;70(4):489‐491. PubMed PMC
Hurst JH, Zhao C, Fitzpatrick NS, Goldstein BA, Lang JE. Reduced pediatric urgent asthma utilization and exacerbations during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(10):3166‐3173. PubMed PMC
Pepper MP, Leva E, Trivedy P, Luckey J, Baker MD. Analysis of pediatric emergency department patient volume trends during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Medicine. 2021;100(27):e26583. PubMed PMC
Shah SA, Quint JK, Nwaru BI, Sheikh A. Impact of COVID‐19 national lockdown on asthma exacerbations: interrupted time‐series analysis of English primary care data. Thorax. 2021;76(9):860‐866. PubMed PMC
Arsenault S, Hoofman J, Poowuttikul P, Secord E. Sustained decrease in pediatric asthma emergency visits during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2021;42(5):400‐402. PubMed PMC
Attanasi M, Porreca A, Papa GFS, et al. Emergency department visits for allergy related‐disorders among children: experience of a single Italian hospital during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2021;16:786. PubMed PMC
Chiapinotto S, Sarria EE, Mocelin HT, Lima JAB, Mattiello R, Fischer GB. Impact of non‐pharmacological initiatives for COVID‐19 on hospital admissions due to pediatric acute respiratory illnesses. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2021;39:3‐8. PubMed PMC
Golan‐Tripto I, Arwas N, Maimon MS, et al. The effect of the COVID‐19 lockdown on children with asthma‐related symptoms: a tertiary care center experience. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(9):2825‐2832. PubMed PMC
Krivec U, Kofol Seliger A, Tursic J. COVID‐19 lockdown dropped the rate of paediatric asthma admissions. Arch Dis Child. 2020;105(8):809‐810. PubMed PMC
Taquechel K, Diwadkar AR, Sayed S, et al. Pediatric asthma health care utilization, viral testing, and air pollution changes during the COVID‐19 pandemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(10):3378‐3387.e3311. PubMed PMC
Ulrich L, Macias C, George A, Bai S, Allen E. Unexpected decline in pediatric asthma morbidity during the coronavirus pandemic. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(7):1951‐1956. PubMed PMC
Di Riso D, Spaggiari S, Cambrisi E, Ferraro V, Carraro S, Zanconato S. Psychosocial impact of Covid‐19 outbreak on Italian asthmatic children and their mothers in a post lockdown scenario. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):9152. PubMed PMC
Nekliudov NA, Blyuss O, Cheung KY, et al. Excessive media consumption about COVID‐19 is associated with increased state anxiety: outcomes of a large online survey in Russia. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):e20955. PubMed PMC
Greenhawt M, Kimball S, DunnGalvin A, et al. Media influence on anxiety, health utility, and health beliefs early in the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic‐a survey study. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(5):1327‐1337. PubMed PMC
Protudjer JLP, Golding M, Salisbury MR, Abrams EM, Roos LE. High anxiety and health‐related quality of life in families with children with food allergy during coronavirus disease 2019. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;126(1):83‐88.e81. PubMed PMC
Yucel E, Suleyman A, Hizli Demirkale Z, Guler N, Tamay ZU, Ozdemir C. 'Stay at home': is it good or not for house dust mite sensitized children with respiratory allergies? Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(5):963‐970. PubMed
Liu W, Zeng Q, Tang Y, et al. Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis children during coronavirus disease 2019. Orl. 2021;83(6):428‐433. PubMed PMC
Hurley S, Franklin R, McCallion N, et al. Allergy‐related outcomes at 12 months in the CORAL birth cohort of Irish children born during the first COVID 19 lockdown. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022;33(3):e13766. PubMed PMC
Simonsen AB, Ruge IF, Quaade AS, Johansen JD, Thyssen JP, Zachariae C. Increased occurrence of hand eczema in young children following the Danish hand hygiene recommendations during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Contact Dermatitis. 2021;84(3):144‐152. PubMed
Singh M, Pawar M, Bothra A, Choudhary N. Overzealous hand hygiene during the COVID 19 pandemic causing an increased incidence of hand eczema among general population. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(1):e37‐e41. PubMed PMC
The Washington Post . Covid is making flu and other common viruses act in unfamiliar ways; 2022. Accessed August 23, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/06/13/covid‐flu‐rsv‐viruses/
Burman J, Tanninen T, Makela MJ. The importance of telemedicine in the COVID‐era in the pediatric allergology unit. Allergy. 2021;76(Suppl 110):188‐189.
Kewalramani A, Waddell J, Puppa EL. Telemedicine during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic for pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;127(3):395‐397. PubMed PMC
Ragamin A, de Wijs LEM, Hijnen DJ, et al. Care for children with atopic dermatitis in The Netherlands during the COVID‐19 pandemic: lessons from the first wave and implications for the future. J Dermatol. 2021;48(12):1863‐1870. PubMed PMC
Ozturk AB, Baccioglu A, Soyer O, Civelek E, Sekerel BE, Bavbek S. Change in allergy practice during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2021;182(1):49‐52. PubMed PMC
Ferrante G, Licari A, Marseglia GL, La Grutta S. Digital health interventions in children with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(2):212‐220. PubMed PMC
Mack DP, Hanna MA, Abrams EM, et al. Virtually supported home peanut introduction during COVID‐19 for at‐risk infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2780‐2783. PubMed PMC
Noronha L, Leech S, Nicola B. An audit of the home food introduction service developed during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(12):1661‐1662.
Kouis P, Michanikou A, Anagnostopoulou P, et al. Use of wearable sensors to assess compliance of asthmatic children in response to lockdown measures for the COVID‐19 epidemic. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):5895. PubMed PMC
Arimova PS, Namazova‐Baranova LS, Levina JG, Kalugina VG, Vishneva EA, Kharitonova EY. Mobile technologies in achieving and maintaining asthma control in children: first results of MedQuizBot chat bot. [Russian]. Pediatricheskaya Farmakologiya. 2021;18(3):214‐220.
Collins‐Hussey L, Jones C, Huntriss R. Do parents/carers of infants with non IgE‐mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) find smartphone‐delivered dietitian support acceptable and engaging? Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(12):1656.
Jain S, Thakur C, Kumar P, Goyal JP, Singh K. Telemedicine for asthma follow‐up in children during COVID‐19 pandemic. Indian J Pediatr. 2021;88(10):1050. PubMed PMC
Powell E, Berk O, Smith W, et al. Patient, family and healthcare provider satisfaction with telemedicine in the COVID‐19 era. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(12):1690‐1691.
Thomas I, Siew LQC, Rutkowski K. Synchronous telemedicine in allergy: lessons learned and transformation of care during the COVID‐19 pandemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(1):170‐176.e171. PubMed PMC
Mustafa SS, Vadamalai K, Ramsey A. Patient satisfaction with in‐person, video, and telephone allergy/immunology evaluations during the COVID‐19 pandemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(5):1858‐1863. PubMed PMC
Mac Mahon J, Hourihane JOB, Byrne A. A virtual management approach to infant egg allergy developed in response to pandemic‐imposed restrictions. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(2):360‐363. PubMed PMC
Yeroushalmi S, Millan SH, Nelson K, Sparks A, Friedman AJ. Patient perceptions and satisfaction with teledermatology during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a survey‐based study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(2):178‐183. PubMed
Beebeejaun S, De Atouguia S, Shamsuddin M, Dhanapal S. Evaluating parental satisfaction with paediatric allergy telephone clinics during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(1):181.
Davies B, Kenia P, Nagakumar P, Gupta A. Paediatric and adolescent asthma: a narrative review of telemedicine and emerging technologies for the post‐COVID‐19 era. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(3):393‐401. PubMed PMC
Klimek L, Jutel M, Akdis C, et al. Handling of allergen immunotherapy in the COVID‐19 pandemic: an ARIA‐EAACI statement. Allergy. 2020;75(7):1546‐1554. PubMed PMC
Vultaggio A, Agache I, Akdis CA, et al. Considerations on biologicals for patients with allergic disease in times of the COVID‐19 pandemic: an EAACI statement. Allergy. 2020;75(11):2764‐2774. PubMed PMC
Klimek L, Pfaar O, Worm M, et al. Allergen immunotherapy in the current COVID‐19 pandemic: a position paper of AeDA, ARIA, EAACI, DGAKI and GPA: position paper of the German ARIA GroupA in cooperation with the Austrian ARIA GroupB, the swiss ARIA GroupC, German Society for Applied Allergology (AEDA)D, German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI)E, Society for Pediatric Allergology (GPA)F in cooperation with AG clinical immunology, allergology and environmental medicine of the DGHNO‐KHCG and the European academy of allergy and clinical immunology (EAACI)H . Allergol Select. 2020;4:44‐52. PubMed PMC
GINA Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention . GINA guidance about COVID‐19 and asthma; 2022. Accessed April 11, 2022. https://ginasthma.org/wp‐content/uploads/2022/02/22_02_10‐GINA‐COVID‐19‐and‐asthma.pdf
Leonardi A, Salami E, Feuerman OM, Cavarzeran F. The effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the treatment of allergic eye diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;21(5):500‐506. PubMed PMC
Cox L, Nelson H, Lockey R, et al. Allergen immunotherapy: a practice parameter third update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(1 Suppl):S1‐S55. PubMed
Shaker MS, Mosnaim G, Oppenheimer J, Stukus D, Abrams EM, Greenhawt M. Health and economic outcomes of home maintenance allergen immunotherapy in select patients with high health literacy during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a cost‐effectiveness analysis during exceptional times. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(7):2310‐2321.e2314. PubMed PMC
Aytekin ES, Soyer O, Sekerel BE, Sahiner UM. Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy in children: real life compliance and effect of COVID‐19 pandemic on compliance. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2021;182(7):631‐636. PubMed PMC
Pfaar O, Agache I, Bonini M, et al. COVID‐19 pandemic and allergen immunotherapy‐an EAACI survey. Allergy. 2021;76(11):3504‐3516. PubMed PMC
Patruno C, Stingeni L, Fabbrocini G, Hansel K, Napolitano M. Dupilumab and COVID‐19: what should we expect? Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4):e13502. PubMed PMC
Chiricozzi A, Talamonti M, De Simone C, et al. Management of patients with atopic dermatitis undergoing systemic therapy during COVID‐19 pandemic in Italy: data from the DA‐COVID‐19 registry. Allergy. 2021;76(6):1813‐1824. PubMed PMC
Mahroum N, Damiani G, Watad A, et al. Higher rates of COVID‐19 but less severe infections reported for patients on Dupilumab: a big data analysis of the World Health Organization VigiBase. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(18):5865‐5870. PubMed
Hansel K, Patruno C, Antonelli E, et al. Dupilumab in adolescents with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a 32‐week real‐world experience during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021;47:165‐167. PubMed PMC
Van Der Poel LA, SoniTricker A, Bassou M, et al. Patient experience of a home omalizumab service in a paediatric tertiary referral for chronic urticaria (CU) setting‐a pilot study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(12):1695.
Makhecha S, Jamalzadeh A, Irving S, et al. Paediatric severe asthma biologics service: from hospital to home. Arch Dis Child. 2021;106(9):900‐902. PubMed PMC
Leon‐Abarca JA. Obesity and immunodeficiencies are the main pre‐existing conditions associated with mild to moderate COVID‐19 in children. Pediatr Obesity. 2020;15(12):e12713. PubMed PMC
Al Yazidi LS, Al Rawahi H, Al Busaidi I, Al TS. Covid‐19 and primary immunodeficiency: one‐year experience. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021;57(4):594. PubMed PMC
Castano‐Jaramillo LM, Yamazaki‐Nakashimada MA, O'Farrill‐Romanillos PM, et al. COVID‐19 in the context of inborn errors of immunity: a case series of 31 patients from Mexico. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(7):1463‐1478. PubMed PMC
Marcus N, Frizinsky S, Hagin D, et al. Minor clinical impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on patients with primary immunodeficiency in Israel. Front Immunol. 2020;11:614086. PubMed PMC
Milito C, Lougaris V, Giardino G, et al. Clinical outcome, incidence, and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection‐fatality rates in Italian patients with inborn errors of immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(7):2904‐2906.e2902. PubMed PMC
Pieniawska‐smiech K, Kuraszewicz A, Sado J, Smiech K, Lewandowicz‐Uszynska A. Assessment of covid‐19 incidence and the ability to synthesise anti‐sars‐cov‐2 antibodies of paediatric patients with primary immunodeficiency. J Clin Med. 2021;10(21):5111. PubMed PMC
Castilla J, Guevara M, Miqueleiz A, et al. Risk factors of infection, hospitalization and death from SARS‐CoV‐2: a population‐based cohort study. J Clin Med. 2021;10(12):2608. doi:10.3390/jcm10122608 PubMed DOI PMC
Goudouris ES, Pinto‐Mariz F, Mendonca LO, et al. Outcome of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in 121 patients with inborn errors of immunity: a cross‐sectional study. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(7):1479‐1489. PubMed PMC
Ho HE, Mathew S, Peluso MJ, Cunningham‐Rundles C. Clinical outcomes and features of COVID‐19 in patients with primary immunodeficiencies in new York City. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(1):490‐493.e492. PubMed PMC
Shields AM, Burns SO, Savic S, et al. COVID‐19 in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency: the United Kingdom experience. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(3):870‐875.e871. PubMed PMC
Karakoc Aydiner E, Bilgic Eltan S, Babayeva R, et al. Adverse COVID‐19 outcomes in immune deficiencies: inequality exists between subclasses. Allergy. 2022;77(1):282‐295. PubMed PMC
Delavari S, Abolhassani H, Abolnezhadian F, et al. Impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic on patients with primary immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(2):345‐355. PubMed PMC
Bucciol G, Tangye SG, Meyts I. Coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with inborn errors of immunity: lessons learned. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2021;33(6):648‐656. PubMed PMC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . COVID‐19 vaccines for moderately or severely immunocompromised people; 2022. Accessed February 22, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019‐ncov/vaccines/recommendations/immuno.html
Topal OY, Metin A, Cop E, Dinc GS, Uneri OS. Anxiety among the parents of pediatric patients receiving ivig therapy during the covid‐19 pandemic. Turk J Pediatr. 2021;63(5):801‐810. PubMed
Pulvirenti F, Cinetto F, Milito C, et al. Health‐related quality of life in common variable immunodeficiency Italian patients switched to remote assistance during the COVID‐19 pandemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(6):1894‐1899.e1892. PubMed PMC
Perreault S, Schiffer M, Clinchy‐Jarmoszko V, et al. Mitigating the risk of COVID‐19 exposure by transitioning from clinic‐based to home‐based immune globulin infusion. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(12):1112‐1117. PubMed PMC
Irfan O, Muttalib F, Tang K, Jiang L, Lassi ZS, Bhutta Z. Clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes of paediatric COVID‐19: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2021;106:440‐448. PubMed PMC
Sinha I, Bennett D, Taylor‐Robinson DC. Children are being sidelined by covid‐19. BMJ. 2020;369:m2061. PubMed
United Nations . Policy brief: the impact of COVID‐19 on children; 2020. Accessed February 18, 2022. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/policy_brief_on_covid_impact_on_children_16_april_2020.pdf
Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez‐Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID‐19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10237):1607‐1608. PubMed PMC
Feldstein LR, Rose EB, Horwitz SM, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(4):334‐346. PubMed PMC
Whittaker E, Bamford A, Kenny J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS‐CoV‐2. Jama. 2020;324(3):259‐269. PubMed PMC
Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The potential threat of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(1):17‐22. PubMed PMC
Consiglio CR, Cotugno N, Sardh F, et al. The immunology of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID‐19. Cell. 2020;183(4):968‐981. e967. PubMed PMC
Sacco K, Castagnoli R, Vakkilainen S, et al. Immunopathological signatures in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and pediatric COVID‐19. Nat Med. 2022;28:1050‐1062. PubMed PMC
Dove ML, Jaggi P, Kelleman M, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: survey of protocols for early hospital evaluation and management. J Pediatr. 2021;229:33‐40. PubMed PMC
McArdle AJ, Vito O, Patel H, et al. Treatment of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(1):11‐22. PubMed PMC
Son MBF, Murray N, Friedman K, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children – initial therapy and outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(1):23‐34. PubMed PMC
Martin B, DeWitt PE, Russell S, et al. Characteristics, outcomes, and severity risk factors associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection among children in the US national COVID cohort collaborative. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(2):e2143151. PubMed PMC
Huang L, Yao Q, Gu X, et al. 1‐year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID‐19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet. 2021;398(10302):747‐758. PubMed PMC
Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, Young M, Edison P. Long covid‐mechanisms, risk factors, and management. BMJ. 2021;374:n1648. PubMed
Callard F, Perego E. How and why patients made long Covid. Soc Sci Med. 2021;268:113426. PubMed PMC
Wise J. Long covid: WHO calls on countries to offer patients more rehabilitation. BMJ. 2021;372:n405. PubMed
Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV, Condition WHOCCDWGoP‐C . A clinical case definition of post‐COVID‐19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(4):e102‐e107. PubMed PMC
Stephenson T, Allin B, Nugawela MD, et al. Long COVID (post‐COVID‐19 condition) in children: a modified Delphi process. Arch Dis Child. 2022;107:674‐680. PubMed PMC
Munblit D, Sigfrid L, Warner JO. Setting priorities to address research gaps in long‐term COVID‐19 outcomes in children. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175:1095‐1096. PubMed
Munblit D, Simpson F, Mabbitt J, Dunn‐Galvin A, Semple C, Warner JO. Legacy of COVID‐19 infection in children: long‐COVID will have a lifelong health/economic impact. Arch Dis Child. 2022;107(3):e2. PubMed
Behnood SA, Shafran R, Bennett SD, et al. Persistent symptoms following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection amongst children and young people: a meta‐analysis of controlled and uncontrolled studies. J Infect. 2022;84(2):158‐170. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.11.011 PubMed DOI PMC
Osmanov IM, Spiridonova E, Bobkova P, et al. Risk factors for post‐COVID‐19 condition in previously hospitalised children using the ISARIC Global follow‐up protocol: a prospective cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2022;59(2):2101341. doi:10.1183/13993003.01341-2021 PubMed DOI PMC
Stephenson T, Pinto Pereira SM, Shafran R, et al. Physical and mental health 3 months after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (long COVID) among adolescents in England (CLoCk): a national matched cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2022;6(4):230‐239. PubMed PMC
Pazukhina E, Andreeva M, Spiridonova E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of post‐COVID‐19 condition in adults and children at 6 and 12 months after hospital discharge: a prospective, cohort study in Moscow (StopCOVID); 2022;20(1):244. doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02448-4 PubMed DOI PMC
Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, et al. 6‐month consequences of COVID‐19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397(10270):220‐232. PubMed PMC
Munblit D, Bobkova P, Spiridonova E, et al. Incidence and risk factors for persistent symptoms in adults previously hospitalized for COVID‐19. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(9):1107‐1120. PubMed PMC
Sigfrid L, Drake TM, Pauley E, et al. Long Covid in adults discharged from UK hospitals after Covid‐19: a prospective, multicentre cohort study using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;8:100186. PubMed PMC
Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):626‐631. PubMed PMC
Miller F, Nguyen V, Navaratnam AM, et al. Prevalence of persistent symptoms in children during the COVID‐19 pandemic: evidence from a household cohort study in England and Wales. medRxiv. 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.21257602 PubMed DOI PMC
Molteni E, Sudre CH, Canas LS, et al. Illness duration and symptom profile in symptomatic UK school‐aged children tested for SARS‐CoV‐2. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5(10):708‐718. PubMed PMC
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence . COVID‐19 rapid guideline: managing the longterm effects of COVID‐19; 2022. Accessed February 14, 2022. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng188/resources/covid19‐rapid‐guideline‐managing‐the‐longterm‐effects‐of‐covid19‐pdf‐51035515742
Warner JO, Warner JA, Munblit D. Hypotheses to explain the associations between asthma and the consequences of COVID‐19 infection. Clin Exp Allergy. 2022;52(1):7‐9. PubMed
Ahearn‐Ford S, Lunjani N, McSharry B, et al. Long‐term disruption of cytokine signalling networks is evident in patients who required hospitalization for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Allergy. 2021;76(9):2910‐2913. PubMed PMC
Antonelli M, Penfold RS, Merino J, et al. Risk factors and disease profile of post‐vaccination SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in UK users of the COVID symptom study app: a prospective, community‐based, nested, case‐control study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):43‐55. PubMed PMC
Glynne P, Tahmasebi N, Gant V, Gupta R. Long COVID following mild SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: characteristic T cell alterations and response to antihistamines. J Invest Med. 2022;70(1):61‐67. PubMed PMC
Eberhardt CS, Siegrist CA. Is there a role for childhood vaccination against COVID‐19? Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(1):9‐16. PubMed
Turner PJ, Ansotegui IJ, Campbell DE, et al. COVID‐19 vaccine‐associated anaphylaxis: a statement of the World Allergy Organization Anaphylaxis Committee. World Allergy Organ J. 2021;14(2):100517. PubMed PMC
U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Coronavirus (COVID‐19) update: FDA authorizes Moderna and Pfizer‐BioNTech COVID‐19 vaccines for children down to 6 months of age; 2022. Accessed August 22, 2022. https://www.fda.gov/news‐events/press‐announcements/coronavirus‐covid‐19‐update‐fda‐authorizes‐moderna‐and‐pfizer‐biontech‐covid‐19‐vaccines‐children
Gao P, Cai S, Liu Q, Du M, Liu J, Liu M. Effectiveness and safety of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(3):421. doi:10.3390/vaccines10030421 PubMed DOI PMC
Greenhawt M, Abrams EM, Shaker M, et al. The risk of allergic reaction to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines and recommended evaluation and management: a systematic review, meta‐analysis, GRADE assessment, and international consensus approach. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(10):3546‐3567. PubMed PMC
Banerji A, Wolfson AR, Wickner PG, et al. COVID‐19 vaccination in patients with reported allergic reactions: updated evidence and suggested approach. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(6):2135‐2138. PubMed PMC
Rush C, Faulk KE, Bradley ZK, Turner A, Krumins M, Greenhawt M. The safety of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines in persons with a known history of pegaspargase allergy: a single institution experience. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(2):630‐632. PubMed PMC
Koo G, Anvari S, Friedman DL, et al. mRNA COVID‐19 vaccine safety in patients with previous immediate hypersensitivity to pegaspargase. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(1):322‐325. PubMed PMC
Mark C, Gupta S, Punnett A, et al. Safety of administration of BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer‐BioNTech) COVID‐19 vaccine in youths and young adults with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and allergy to PEG‐asparaginase. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021;68(11):e29295. PubMed PMC
Chu DK, Abrams EM, Golden DBK, et al. Risk of second allergic reaction to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182(4):376‐385. PubMed PMC