The aim of this study was to identify and summarize available data on oncologic and safety outcomes for retrograde versus antegrade endoscopic surgery in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). We systematically searched studies reporting on endoscopic surgery in patients with UTUC. The primary outcome of interest was oncologic control, including bladder and upper urinary tract recurrences. The secondary outcomes were any-grade and major complications. Twenty studies comprising 1091 patients were included in our analysis. The pooled bladder recurrence rate was 35% (95% confidence interval [CI] 28.0-42.3%; I2 = 48%) after retrograde endoscopic surgery and 17.7% (95% CI 6.5-32.1%; I2 = 29%) after antegrade endoscopic surgery. The pooled upper urinary tract recurrence rate was 56.4% (95% CI 41.2-70.9; I2 = 93%) after retrograde endoscopic surgery and 36.2% (95% CI 25.5-47.6%; I2 = 57%) after antegrade endoscopic surgery. The pooled complication rate was 12.5% (95% CI 0.8-32.8%; I2 = 94%) for any-grade complications and 6.6% (95% CI 0.1-19.1%; I2 = 89%) for major complications in the retrograde endoscopic cohort. In summary, our analyses suggest promising oncologic benefits of antegrade kidney-sparing surgery in terms of bladder and upper urinary tract recurrence rates in UTUC. Retrograde endoscopic surgery is a safe procedure with a minimal risk of complications and acceptable oncologic outcomes. Research should address the hypothesis that endoscopic antegrade surgery can be a safe and effective alternative for well-selected patients. PATIENT SUMMARY: One of the surgical options for treatment of cancer of the upper urinary tract is removal of the tumor through a small telescope called an endoscope. The endoscope can be inserted via the urethra (called a retrograde approach) or through a small incision in the skin (antegrade approach). Our review shows that the antegrade approach seems to provide acceptable cancer control rates. Further research could help to identify the role for endoscope surgery in cancer of the upper urinary tract.

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Department of Urology Hillel Yaffe Medical Center Hadera Israel

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Department of Urology King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam Saudi Arabia

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Department of Urology Medical University of Silesia Zabrze Poland

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Department of Urology Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Department of Urology Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg University Hospital Salzburg Salzburg Austria

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Department of Urology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Department of Urology University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Department of Urology University of Verona Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona Italy

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health Sechenov University Moscow Russia

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health Sechenov University Moscow Russia; Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology Vienna Austria; Department of Urology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA; Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Dallas TX USA; Department of Urology 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czechia; Division of Urology Department of Special Surgery Jordan University Hospital The University of Jordan Amman Jordan

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology Vienna Austria

Department of Urology Sorbonne Université GRC n°5 Predictive Onco Urology AP HP Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière Paris France

Division of Urology Department of Surgical Sciences San Giovanni Battista Hospital University of Studies of Torino Turin Italy

S H Ho Urology Centre Department of Surgery The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

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