The concept of a regenerative city goes far beyond a sustainable one. The regenerative approach is to think of urban green space as a productive landscape, a source of food, and a support for biodiversity. In this approach, the so-called urban wastelands have a positive significance. Urban agriculture (UA) has become a commonly discussed topic in recent years with respect to sustainable development. Therefore, the combination of urban fabric and local food production is crucial for ecological reasons. The key issues are the reduction of food miles and the demand for processed food, the production of which strains the natural environment. At the same time, UA enables regeneration and restoration. An original methodological approach was used in the study following the mixed-method research concept: literature survey, case studies, and comparative analysis of objects. A review of UA architecture (UAA) projects was carried out to supplement the knowledge acquired during the bibliometric analysis. In sum, 25 existing projects, including allotment gardens, community gardens, and urban farms in the global north, were compared in this study. As a result of the analyses carried out, the breakdown of urban agriculture was developed into the following categories: (i) architectural-urban, (ii) ecological, (iii) social, and (iv) economic, including the impact of UA on physical activity and social interaction. UA is also a factor shaping the urban landscape. In conclusion, agrarian practice in urban environments has led to the creation of a new type of space, known as UAA. Production in the context of UA exceeds private goods, such as food produced for sale or for individual use. Additional goods include public goods. The review shows that UA fulfills economic, social, and environmental functions, thus falling under the concept of sustainable development.

Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno Zemědělská 1 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Plant Biology Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno Zemědělská 1 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Revitalization and Architecture Institute of Civil Engineering Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW Nowoursynowska 159 02 776 Warsaw Poland

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Lin S.-H., Huang X., Fu G., Chen J.-T., Zhao X., Li J.-H., Tzeng G.-H. Evaluating the sustainability of urban renewal projects based on a model of hybrid multiple-attribute decision-making. Land Use Policy. 2021;108:105570. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105570. DOI

Grimm N.B., Faeth S.H., Golubiewski N.E., Redman C.L., Wu J., Bai X., Briggs J.M. Global Change and the Ecology of Cities. Science. 2008;319:756–760. doi: 10.1126/science.1150195. PubMed DOI

Ostrom E. A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems. Science. 2009;325:419–422. doi: 10.1126/science.1172133. PubMed DOI

Thomsen C. Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility. Springer; Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: 2013. Sustainability (World Commission on Environment and Development Definition) DOI

Tscharntke T., Klein A.M., Kruess A., Steffan-Dewenter I., Thies C. Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity—Ecosystem service management. Ecol. Lett. 2005;8:857–874. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x. DOI

Xie L., Bulkeley H., Tozer L. Mainstreaming sustainable innovation: Unlocking the potential of nature-based solutions for climate change and biodiversity. Environ. Sci. Policy. 2022;132:119–130. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2022.02.017. DOI

Angelidou M., Psaltoglou A., Komninos N., Kakderi C., Tsarchopoulos P., Panori A. Enhancing sustainable urban development through smart city applications. J. Sci. Technol. Policy Manag. 2018;9:146–169. doi: 10.1108/JSTPM-05-2017-0016. DOI

Colding J., Barthel S. An urban ecology critique on the “Smart City” model. J. Clean. Prod. 2017;164:95–101. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.191. DOI

Krähmer K. Are green cities sustainable? A degrowth critique of sustainable urban development in Copenhagen. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2021;29:1272–1289. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2020.1841119. DOI

Martin C.J., Evans J., Karvonen A. Smart and sustainable? Five tensions in the visions and practices of the smart-sustainable city in Europe and North America. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. 2018;133:269–278. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.01.005. DOI

Shabb K., McCormick K., Mujkic S., Anderberg S., Palm J., Carlsson A. Launching the Mission for 100 Climate Neutral Cities in Europe: Characteristics, Critiques, and Challenges. Front. Sustain. Cities. 2022;3:817804. doi: 10.3389/frsc.2021.817804. DOI

Strüver A., Saltiel R., Schlitz N., Hohmann B., Höflehner T., Grabher B. A Smart Right to the City—Grounding Corporate Storytelling and Questioning Smart Urbanism. Sustainability. 2021;13:9590. doi: 10.3390/su13179590. DOI

Valdivia A. Critical assay about urban sustainability. Proposal and conceptual boundaries. AUS. 2021;29:68–75. doi: 10.4206/aus.2021.n29-09. DOI

Gravagnuolo A., Angrisano M., Fusco Girard L. Circular Economy Strategies in Eight Historic Port Cities: Criteria and Indicators Towards a Circular City Assessment Framework. Sustainability. 2019;11:3512. doi: 10.3390/su11133512. DOI

Knickmeyer D. Social factors influencing household waste separation: A literature review on good practices to improve the recycling performance of urban areas. J. Clean. Prod. 2020;245:118605. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118605. DOI

Petrescu D., Petcou C., Baibarac C. Co-producing commons-based resilience: Lessons from R-Urban. Build. Res. Inf. 2016;44:717–736. doi: 10.1080/09613218.2016.1214891. DOI

Remøy H., Wandl A., Ceric D., Van Timmeren A. Facilitating Circular Economy in Urban Planning. Urban Plan. 2019;4:1–4. doi: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2484. DOI

Santagata R., Zucaro A., Viglia S., Ripa M., Tian X., Ulgiati S. Assessing the sustainability of urban eco-systems through Emergy-based circular economy indicators. Ecol. Indic. 2020;109:105859. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105859. DOI

Chen B., Sharifi A., Schlör H. Integrated social-ecological-infrastructural management for urban resilience. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2022;181:106268. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106268. DOI

Gómez-Baggethun E., Barton D.N. Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. Ecol. Econ. 2013;86:235–245. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019. DOI

Meerow S., Newell J.P., Stults M. Defining urban resilience: A review. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2016;147:38–49. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011. DOI

Bahers J.-B., Athanassiadis A., Perrotti D., Kampelmann S. The place of space in urban metabolism research: Towards a spatial turn? A review and future agenda. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2022;221:104376. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104376. DOI

Lucertini G., Musco F. Circular Urban Metabolism Framework. One Earth. 2020;2:138–142. doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.004. DOI

Kabisch N., Frantzeskaki N., Pauleit S., Naumann S., Davis M., Artmann M., Haase D., Knapp S., Korn H., Stadler J., et al. Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas: Perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action. Ecol. Soc. 2016;21:art39. doi: 10.5751/ES-08373-210239. DOI

van den Bosch M., Ode Sang Å. Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health—A systematic review of reviews. Environ. Res. 2017;158:373–384. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.040. PubMed DOI

du Plessis C. Towards a regenerative paradigm for the built environment. Build. Res. Inf. 2012;40:7–22. doi: 10.1080/09613218.2012.628548. DOI

Mazur Ł. Circular economy in housing architecture: Methods of implementation. ACTA Sci. Pol.-Archit. Bud. 2021;20:65–74. doi: 10.22630/ASPA.2021.20.2.15. DOI

Mazur Ł., Bać A., Vaverková M.D., Winkler J., Nowysz A., Koda E. Evaluation of the Quality of the Housing Environment Using Multi-Criteria Analysis That Includes Energy Efficiency: A Review. Energies. 2022;15:7750. doi: 10.3390/en15207750. DOI

Beaugeard E., Brischoux F., Angelier F. Green infrastructures and ecological corridors shape avian biodiversity in a small French city. Urban Ecosyst. 2021;24:549–560. doi: 10.1007/s11252-020-01062-7. DOI

Gill S., Handley J., Ennos A., Pauleit S. Adapting Cities for Climate Change: The Role of the Green Infrastructure. Built Environ. 2007;33:115–133. doi: 10.2148/benv.33.1.115. DOI

Gu K., Fang Y., Qian Z., Sun Z., Wang A. Spatial planning for urban ventilation corridors by urban climatology. Ecosyst. Health Sustain. 2020;6:1747946. doi: 10.1080/20964129.2020.1747946. DOI

Thomson G., Newman P. Green Infrastructure and Biophilic Urbanism as Tools for Integrating Resource Efficient and Ecological Cities. Urban Plan. 2021;6:75–88. doi: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3633. DOI

Ackerman K., Conard M., Culligan P., Plunz R., Sutto M.P., Whittinghill L. Sustainable food systems for future cities: The potential of urban agriculture. Econ. Soc. Rev. 2014;45:189–206.

Armanda D.T., Guinée J.B., Tukker A. The second green revolution: Innovative urban agriculture’s contribution to food security and sustainability—A review. Glob. Food Sec. 2019;22:13–24. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.08.002. DOI

Specht K., Siebert R., Hartmann I., Freisinger U.B., Sawicka M., Werner A., Thomaier S., Henckel D., Walk H., Dierich A. Urban agriculture of the future: An overview of sustainability aspects of food production in and on buildings. Agric. Human Values. 2014;31:33–51. doi: 10.1007/s10460-013-9448-4. DOI

Barthel S., Isendahl C. Urban gardens, agriculture, and water management: Sources of resilience for long-term food security in cities. Ecol. Econ. 2013;86:224–234. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.06.018. DOI

Horst M., McClintock N., Hoey L. The Intersection of Planning, Urban Agriculture, and Food Justice: A Review of the Literature. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 2017;83:277–295. doi: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1322914. DOI

Isendahl C., Smith M.E. Sustainable agrarian urbanism: The low-density cities of the Mayas and Aztecs. Cities. 2013;31:132–143. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2012.07.012. DOI

Langemeyer J., Madrid-Lopez C., Mendoza Beltran A., Villalba Mendez G. Urban agriculture—A necessary pathway towards urban resilience and global sustainability? Landsc. Urban Plan. 2021;210:104055. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104055. DOI

Loker A., Francis C. Urban food sovereignty: Urgent need for agroecology and systems thinking in a post-COVID-19 future. Agroecol. Sustain. Food Syst. 2020;44:1118–1123. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2020.1775752. DOI

Pimbert M.P. Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2019. Food Sovereignty; pp. 181–189.

Bhattarai K., Conway D. Agriculture and Environment. Springer; Cham, Switzerland: 2021. pp. 335–445. DOI

Ortiz A.M.D., Outhwaite C.L., Dalin C., Newbold T. A review of the interactions between biodiversity, agriculture, climate change, and international trade: Research and policy priorities. One Earth. 2021;4:88–101. doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.008. DOI

Stoate C., Báldi A., Beja P., Boatman N.D., Herzon I., van Doorn A., de Snoo G.R., Rakosy L., Ramwell C. Ecological impacts of early 21st century agricultural change in Europe—A review. J. Environ. Manag. 2009;91:22–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.07.005. PubMed DOI

Berry B.J.L., Okulicz-Kozaryn A. Dissatisfaction with city life: A new look at some old questions. Cities. 2009;26:117–124. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2009.01.005. DOI

Grochulska-Salak M., Nowysz A., Tofiluk A. Sustainable Urban Agriculture as Functional Hybrid Unit—Issues of Urban Resilience. Buildings. 2021;11:462. doi: 10.3390/buildings11100462. DOI

Nowysz A. Urban vertical farm—Introduction to the subject and discussion of selected examples. ACTA Sci. Pol.-Archit. Bud. 2022;20:93–100. doi: 10.22630/ASPA.2021.20.4.38. DOI

Evers A., Hodgson N.L. Food choices and local food access among Perth’s community gardeners. Local Environ. 2011;16:585–602. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2011.575354. DOI

Haney D. Food and the City. Histories of Culture and Cultivation. Harvard University Press (Dumbarton Oaks); Cambridge, UK: 2015. Three Acres and a Cow. Small-Scale Agriculture as Solution to Urban Impoverisment in Britian and Germany, 1880–1933; pp. 17–54.

Howe J., Bohn K., Viljoen A. Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities. Routledge; Oxford, UK: 2005. Food in time: The history of english open urban space as a European example; pp. 94–107. DOI

Katsch G., Kosbi H., Kroß E., Leistner K.H., Philipp R. Geschichte des Kleingartenwesens in Sachsen. Landesverband Sachsen der Kleingärtner e.V; Dresden, Germany: 2007.

Kononowicz W., Gryniewicz-Balińska K. Historical Allotment Gardens in Wrocław—The Need to Protection. Civ. Environ. Eng. Rep. 2016;21:43–52. doi: 10.1515/ceer-2016-0020. DOI

Howard E. To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. Swan Sonnenschein & Co.; London, UK: 1898.

Nowysz A., Trocka-Leszczyńska E. Typology of urban agriculture architecture. ACTA Sci. Pol.-Archit. Bud. 2021;20:63–71. doi: 10.22630/ASPA.2021.20.3.27. DOI

Monument Conservator of the Lower Silesia Voivodship, Monument Register No. A/1057. Monument Conservator of the Lower Silesia Voivodship; Lower Silesia, Poland: 2008.

Crouch D., Wiltshire R. Designs on the Plot: The Future for allotments in urban landscapes. In: Viljoen A., Bohn K., Howe J., editors. CPULs: Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities. Architectural Press; Oxford, UK: 2005.

Kolanowska K. Refleksje na temat sąsiedzkiego bycia oraz współ-bycia w przestrzeni Rodzinnych Ogrodów Działkowych. In: Szczurek M., Zych M., editors. Dzieło Działka. Muzeum Etnograficzne im. S. Udzieli w Krakowie; Cracow, Poland: 2012.

Crouch D., Ward C. The Allotment: Its Landscape and Culture. Faber & Faber; London, UK: 1989.

Wang M., Yuan M., Han P., Wang D. Assessing sustainable urban development based on functional spatial differentiation of urban agriculture in Wuhan, China. Land Use Policy. 2022;115:105999. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.105999. DOI

Iles J. The social role of Community Farms and garden in the city. In: Viljoen A., Howe J., Bohn K., editors. CPULs: Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities. Architectural Press; Oxford, UK: 2005. pp. 82–88.

Irvine S., Johnson L., Peters K. Community gardens and sustainable land use planning: A case-study of the Alex Wilson community garden. Local Environ. 1999;4:33–46. doi: 10.1080/13549839908725579. DOI

Hanna A.K., Oh P. Rethinking Urban Poverty: A Look at Community Gardens. Bull. Sci. Technol. Soc. 2000;20:207–216. doi: 10.1177/027046760002000308. DOI

Lawson L. The Planner in the Garden: A Historical View into the Relationship between Planning and Community Gardens. J. Plan. Hist. 2004;3:151–176. doi: 10.1177/1538513204264752. DOI

Draper C., Freedman D. Review and Analysis of the Benefits, Purposes, and Motivations Associated with Community Gardening in the United States. J. Community Pract. 2010;18:458–492. doi: 10.1080/10705422.2010.519682. DOI

Lawson L., Druke L. From Beets in the Bronx to Chard in Chicago. The Discourse and Practice of Growing Food in American City. In: Imbert D., editor. Food and the City. Histories of Culture and Cultivation. Harvard University Press (Dumbarton Oaks); Cambridge, UK: 2015. pp. 143–162.

Lawson L. City Bountiful: A Century of Community Gardening in America. University of California Press; Berkeley, CA, USA: 2005.

Birky J., Strom E. Urban Perennials: How Diversification has Created a Sustainable Community Garden Movement in The United States. Urban Geogr. 2013;34:1193–1216. doi: 10.1080/02723638.2013.784086. DOI

Bende C., Nagy G. Effects of community gardens on local society. Belvedere Merid. 2016;28:89–105. doi: 10.14232/belv.2016.3.7. DOI

Nordhal D. Public Produce. The New Urban Agriculture. Island Press; Washington, DC, USA: 2009.

Schilling J. Buffalo as the Nation’s First Living Laboratory for Reclaiming Vacant Properties. The Brookings Institution; Washington, DC, USA: 2008.

Wilkinson L. Vacant Property: Strategies for Redevelopment in the Contemporary City. Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta, GA, USA: 2011.

Edible School Yard Project. [(accessed on 1 January 2018.)]. Available online: www.edibleschoolyard.org/network.

WORKac. [(accessed on 1 January 2018)]. Available online: https://work.ac/featured/

van der Jagt A.P.N., Szaraz L.R., Delshammar T., Cvejić R., Santos A., Goodness J., Buijs A. Cultivating nature-based solutions: The governance of communal urban gardens in the European Union. Environ. Res. 2017;159:264–275. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.013. PubMed DOI

Calvet-Mir L., March H. Crisis and post-crisis urban gardening initiatives from a Southern European perspective: The case of Barcelona. Eur. Urban Reg. Stud. 2019;26:97–112. doi: 10.1177/0969776417736098. DOI

Bell S., Fox-Kämper R., Keshavarz N., Benson M., Caputo S., Noori S., Voigt A. Urban Allotment Gardens in Europe. Routledge; London, UK: 2016.

Müller C. Intercultural gardens. Urban places for subsistence production and diversity. Ger. J. Urban Stud. 2007;46:58.

Prinzessinnengärten. [(accessed on 1 January 2017)]. Available online: www.prinzessinnengarten.net/about/

Tonkiss F. Austerity urbanism and the makeshift city. City. 2013;17:312–324. doi: 10.1080/13604813.2013.795332. DOI

Karge T. Placemaking and urban gardening: Himmelbeet case study in Berlin. J. Place Manag. Dev. 2018;11:208–222. doi: 10.1108/JPMD-10-2017-0109. DOI

Ulrichs C., Mewis I. Recent Developments in Urban Horticulture—Facts and Fiction. Acta Hortic. 2015;1099:925–933. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1099.118. DOI

Müller C. Practicing Commons in Community Gardens: Urban Gardening as a Corrective for Homo Economicus. In: Bollier D., Helfrich S., editors. The Wealth of the Commons a World Beyond Market & State. Levellers Press; Amherst, MA, USA: 2012. pp. 219–224.

Van Dyck B., Tornaghi C., Halder S., von der Haide E., Saunders E. Urban Gardening as Politics. Routledge; London, UK: 2019. The making of a strategizing platform: From politicizing the food movement in urban contexts to political urban agroecology; p. 19.

Allmende-Kontor. [(accessed on 1 January 2017)]. Available online: www.allmende-kontor.de/index.php/gemeinschaftsgarten.html.

Škamlová L., Wilkaniec A., Szczepańska M., Bačík V., Hencelová P. The development process and effects from the management of community gardens in two post-socialist cites: Bratislava and Poznań. Urban For. Urban Green. 2020;48:126572. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126572. DOI

Kingsley J., Foenander E., Bailey A. “It’s about community”: Exploring social capital in community gardens across Melbourne, Australia. Urban For. Urban Green. 2020;49:126640. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126640. DOI

Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée. [(accessed on 1 January 2017)]. Available online: www.urbantactics.org/about/

Ecobox. [(accessed on 1 January 2017)]. Available online: www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/community/ecobox.html.

Vietrova P., Vasyliev P., Maksymiv L. Participatory design method for improvement of urban public spaces—Case study. Acta Sci. Pol. Archit. 2022;21:15–23. doi: 10.22630/ASPA.2022.21.3.18. DOI

The Garden Project. [(accessed on 23 April 2018)]. Available online: www.gardenproject.org/about_us.

Victory Garden. [(accessed on 1 January 2018)]. Available online: www.ogrodwcentrum.pl/ogrod-w-centrum-san-francisco.

Kentish Town City Farm. [(accessed on 20 June 2020)]. Available online: www.ktcityfarm.org.uk/about-us/,

Hackney City Farm. [(accessed on 16 July 2020)]. Available online: https://hackneycityfarm.co.uk/

Komisar J., Nasr J. Urban design for food systems. Urban Des. Int. 2019;24:77–79. doi: 10.1057/s41289-019-00096-4. DOI

Miedema K. Grow small, think big: Designing a local food system for London, Ontario. Urban Des. Int. 2019;24:142–155. doi: 10.1057/s41289-019-00095-5. DOI

Díaz J., Harris P. CPULs: Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities. Architectural Press; Oxford, UK: 2005. Urban Agriculture in Havana: Opportunities for the future; pp. 135–145.

Política de Agricultura Urbana. [(accessed on 1 January 2018)]. Available online: www.uclg-cisdp.org/es/observatorio/política-de-agricultura-urbana-0.

McNamara T. Crisis of Urban Agriculture, Case Studies in Cuba. Yale University; New Haven, CT, USA: 2016.

Viljoen A., Howe J. Cuba: Laboratory for urban agriculture. In: Viljoen A., Howe J., Bohn K., editors. CPULs: Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities. Architectural Press; Oxford, UK: 2005. pp. 146–191.

Clouse C. Farming Cuba: Urban Agriculture from the Ground Up. Princeton Architectural Press; New York, NY, USA: 2014.

MUFI. [(accessed on 16 July 2020)]. Available online: https://www.miufi.org/

Urby Staten Island. [(accessed on 1 January 2018)]. Available online: www.domusweb.it/en/news/2016/07/25/urby_staten_island.html.

Amelinckx A. Meet the Woman Who Runs NYC’s First Commercial Farm in a Residential Development. [(accessed on 1 January 2018)]. Available online: www.modernfarmer.com/2016/09/empress-green-urby-staten-island/

R-Urban. [(accessed on 16 July 2020)]. Available online: http://r-urban.net/en/projects/agrocite/

Jansma J.E., Visser A.J. Agromere: Integrating urban agriculture in the development of the city of Almere. Urban Agric. Mag. 2011;25:28–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127511. DOI

Cattivelli V. What motivations drive foreign gardeners to cultivate? Findings from urban gardening initiatives in Lombard municipalities. Urban For. Urban Green. 2022;72:127511. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127511. DOI

Albaladejo-García J.A., Alcon F., Martínez-Paz J.M. Economic valuation of allotment gardens in peri-urban degraded agroecosystems: The role of citizens’ preferences in spatial planning. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2021;68:102771. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.102771. DOI

Cabral I., Keim J., Engelmann R., Kraemer R., Siebert J., Bonn A. Ecosystem services of allotment and community gardens: A Leipzig, Germany case study. Urban For. Urban Green. 2017;23:44–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2017.02.008. DOI

Bigell W. Spaces in-Between: Cultural and Political Perspectives on Environmental Discourse. Volume 2 Brill; Leiden, The Netherlands: 2015. Allotment and community gardens: Commons in German cities.

Cissé O., Gueye N.F.D., Sy M. Institutional and legal aspects of urban agriculture in French-speaking West Africa: From marginalization to legitimization. Environ. Urban. 2005;17:143–154. doi: 10.1177/095624780501700211. DOI

Sroka W. Definicje oraz formy miejskiej agrokultury—Przyczynek do dyskusji. Wieś Rol. 2014;3:85–103.

Podlasek A., Koda E., Vaverková M.D. The Variability of Nitrogen Forms in Soils Due to Traditional and Precision Agriculture: Case Studies in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18:465. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020465. PubMed DOI PMC

Hosseinpour N., Kazemi F., Mahdizadeh H. A cost-benefit analysis of applying urban agriculture in sustainable park design. Land Use Policy. 2022;112:105834. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105834. DOI

Hassan D.K., Hewidy M., El Fayoumi M.A. Productive urban landscape: Exploring urban agriculture multi-functionality practices to approach genuine quality of life in gated communities in Greater Cairo Region. Ain Shams Eng. J. 2022;13:101607. doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2021.10.003. DOI

Gibbons L.V. Regenerative—The New Sustainable? Sustainability. 2020;12:5483. doi: 10.3390/su12135483. DOI

Blanco E., Pedersen Zari M., Raskin K., Clergeau P. Urban Ecosystem-Level Biomimicry and Regenerative Design: Linking Ecosystem Functioning and Urban Built Environments. Sustainability. 2021;13:404. doi: 10.3390/su13010404. DOI

Thomson G., Newman P. Cities and the Anthropocene: Urban governance for the new era of regenerative cities. Urban Stud. 2020;57:1502–1519. doi: 10.1177/0042098018779769. DOI