(1) Background: In Italy, the components of adolescents' mental well-being (psychological symptomatology and cognitive perception of life satisfaction) showed different temporal trends, suggesting the adoption of a multidimensional conceptualization. We aimed to assess temporal patterns and provide additional insights into Italian adolescents' mental well-being in the last decade by adopting the Dual Factor Model; (2) Methods: We used nationally representative samples of Italian students (n = 165,000) aged 11, 13, and 15 years across the three more recent Italian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) surveys. Two measures of mental well-being were used: life satisfaction (LS, indicator of positive subjective well-being) and psychological health complaints (PHC, indicator of mental illness); (3) Results: Our study showed that the overall sample has been moving from a Complete Mental Health (Flourishing) to an Incomplete Mental Illness (Struggling) condition. Among 13- and 15-year-old girls, a jump from one to the other mental condition was observed in the 2014-2018 and 2010-2014 time periods, respectively; (4) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that Italian adolescents, especially older girls, have been shifting from Complete Mental Health to Incomplete Mental Illness in the last decade. Further research is needed to investigate this breaking up of the connection between psychological symptomatology and cognitive perception of life satisfaction.

Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Torino Regione Gonzole 10 10043 Orbassano Italy

Department of Public Health and Pediatrics University of Torino Via Santena 5 bis 10126 Torino Italy

Department of Sociology Trinity College Dublin 3 College Green Dublin 2 Ireland

Post Graduate School of Medical Statistics University of Torino Via Santena 5 bis 10126 Torino Italy

Sts Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology Olomouc University Social Health Institute Palacký University in Olomouc Univerzitní 22 779 00 Olomouc Czech Republic

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