2021 PACES Expert Consensus Statement on the Indications and Management of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices in Pediatric Patients: Executive Summary
Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE Jazyk angličtina Země Indie Médium print-electronic
Typ dokumentu časopisecké články
PubMed
36589659
PubMed Central
PMC9802608
DOI
10.4103/0974-2069.361245
PII: APC-15-323
Knihovny.cz E-zdroje
- Klíčová slova
- Ambulatory ECG monitoring, Antiarrhythmic drug therapy, Antitachycardia pacing, Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, Asystole, Atrioventricular block, Bradycardia, Brugada syndrome, Cardiac channelopathies, Cardiac transplantation, Cardiomyopathy, Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Children, Congenital heart disease, Coronary artery compression, ECG, Echocardiography, Endocardial lead, Epicardial lead, Expert consensus statement, Genetic arrhythmias, Heart block, Heart failure, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Insertable cardiac monitor, Lead extraction, Lead removal, Long QT syndrome, Low- and middle-income countries, MR imaging, Neuromuscular disease, PACES, Pacemaker, Pediatrics, Postoperative, Remote monitoring, Shared decision-making, Sick sinus syndrome, Sports and physical activity, Sudden cardiac arrest, Sudden cardiac death, Syncope, Transvenous, Ventricular fibrillation, Ventricular tachycardia,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Advocate Children's Heart Institute Chicago Illinois
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Kochi India
Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS Rome Italy
Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children Bristol United Kingdom
Georg August University Medical Center Göttingen Germany
George Washington University Washington DC
Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
Heart Centre Leipzig University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
Inova Children's Hospital Fairfax Virginia
Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota
New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York New York
New York University Langone Health New York New York
Nicklaus Children's Hospital Miami Florida
Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon
Shizuoka General Hospital and Mt Fuji Shizuoka Children's Hospital Shizuoka Japan
St Luke's Health System Boise Idaho
Stanford University Palo Alto California
The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada
University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City Missouri
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania
University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles California
University of Utah Health Sciences Center Salt Lake City Utah
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison Wisconsin
University Pediatricians Children's Hospital of Michigan Detroit Michigan
Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee
Zobrazit více v PubMed
Frye RL, Collins JJ, DeSanctis RW, et al. Guidelines for permanent pacemaker implantation, 1984., et al. A report of the Joint American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Cardiovascular Procedures (Subcommittee on Pacemaker Implantation) Circulation. 1984;70:331A–339A. PubMed
Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:932–987. PubMed
Shah M, Silka MJ, Avari Silva J, et al. 2021 PACES Expert Consensus Statement on the Indications and Management of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices in Pediatric Patients. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18:1888–1924. PubMed
Halperin JL, Levine GN, Al-Khatib SM, et al. Further evolution of the ACC/AHA clinical practice guideline recommendation classification system: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1572–1574. PubMed
Epstein AE, Dimarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5:934–955. PubMed
Tracy CM, Epstein AE, Darbar D, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update of the 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9:1737–1753. PubMed
Hernández-Madrid A, Paul T, Abrams D, et al. Arrhythmias in congenital heart disease. A position paper of the European Heart Rhythm Association, Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease. Europace. 2018;20:1719–1753. PubMed
Khairy P, Van Hare GF, Balaji S, et al. 2014 PACES/HRS expert consensus statement on the recognition and management of arrhythmias in adult congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:e102–e165. PubMed
Albin G, Hayes DL, Holmes DR., Jr Sinus node dysfunction in pediatric and young adult patients: Treatment by implantation of a permanent pacemaker in 39 cases. Mayo Clin Proc. 1985;60:667–672. PubMed
Gillette PC, Shannon C, Garson A, Jr, et al. Pacemaker treatment of sick sinus syndrome in children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983;1:1325–1329. PubMed
Reybrouck T, Vangesselen S, Gewillig M. Impaired chronotropic response to exercise in children with repaired cyanotic congenital heart disease. Acta Cardiol. 2009;64:723–727. PubMed
Gillette PC, Wampler DR, Shannon C, et al. Use of atrial pacing in a young population. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1985;8:94–100. PubMed
Jaeggi ET, Hamilton RM, Silverman ED, et al. Outcome of children with fetal, neonatal or childhood diagnosis of isolated congenital atrioventricular block. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:130–137. PubMed
Baruteau AE, Fouchard S, Behaghel A, et al. Characteristics and long-term outcome of non-immune isolated atrioventricular block diagnosed in utero or early childhood: A multicentre study. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:622–629. PubMed
Karpawich PP, Gillette PC, Garson A, Jr, et al. Congenital complete atrioventricular block: Clinical and electrophysiologic predictors of need for pacemaker insertion. Am J Cardiol. 1981;48:1098–1102. PubMed
Dewey RC, Capeless MA, Levy AM. Use of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring to identify high-risk patients with congenital complete heart block. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:835–839. PubMed
Udink ten Cate F, Breur JM, Cohen MI, et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy in isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block: early and long term risk in children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1129–1134. PubMed
Michaëlsson M, Engle MA. Congenital complete heart block; an international study of the natural history. Cardiovasc Clin. 1972;4:85–101. PubMed
Gladman G, Davis AM, Fogelman R, Hamilton RM, Gow RM. Torsade de pointes, acquired complete heart block and inappropriately long QT in childhood. Can J Cardiol. 1996;12:683–685. PubMed
Yandrapalli S, Harikrishnan P, Ojo A, Vuddanda VLK, Jain D. Exercise induced complete atrioventricular block: Utility of exercise stress test. J Electrocardiol. 2018;51:153–155. PubMed
Weindling SN, Saul PJ, Gamble WJ, et al. Duration of complete atrioventricular block after congenital heart disease surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:525–527. PubMed
Romer AJ, Tabbutt S, Etheridge SP, et al. Atrioventricular block after congenital heart surgery: Analysis from the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;157:1168–1177. PubMed
Villain E, Ouarda F, Beyler C, et al. Predictive factors for late complete atrio-ventricular block after surgical treatment for congenital cardiomyopathy. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 2003;96:495–498. PubMed
Aziz PF, Serwer GA, Bradley DJ, et al. Pattern of recovery for transient complete heart block after open heart surgery for congenital heart disease: Duration alone predicts risk of late complete heart block. Pediatric Cardiol. 2012;34:999–1005. PubMed
Gross GJ, Chiu CC, Hamilton RM, et al. Natural history of postoperative heart block in congenital heart disease: Implications for pacing intervention. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:601–604. PubMed
Jaeggi ET, Hornberger LK, Smallhorn JF, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of complete atrioventricular block associated with structural heart disease: Combined experience of two tertiary care centers and review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26:16–21. PubMed
Kramer CC, Maldonado JR, Olson MD, et al. Safety and efficacy of atrial antitachycardia pacing in congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:543–547. PubMed
Khairy P, Landzberg M, Gatzoulis MA, et al. Epicardial Versus ENdocardial pacing and Thromboembolic events (EVENT) Investigators. Transvenous pacing leads and systemic thromboemboli in patients with intracardiac shunts: A multicenter study. Circulation. 2006;113:2391–2397. PubMed
El-Assaad I, Al-Kindi SG, Oliveira GH, et al. Pacemaker implantation in pediatric heart transplant recipients: Predictors, outcomes, and impact on survival. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:1776–1781. PubMed
Cannon BC, Denfeld SW, Friedman RA, et al. Late pacemaker requirement after pediatric orthotopic heart transplantation may predict the presence of transplant coronary artery disease. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004;23:67–71. PubMed
Feingold B, Mahle WT, Auerbach S, et al. Management of cardiac involvement associated with neuromuscular diseases: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation. 2017;136:e200–e231. PubMed
Di Mambro C, Tamborrino PP, Silvetti MS, et al. Progressive involvement of cardiac conduction system in paediatric patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome: How to predict occurrence of complete heart block and sudden cardiac death? Europace. 2021;6:948–957. PubMed
Wahbi K, Meune C, Porcher R, et al. Electrophysiological study with prophylactic pacing and survival in adults with myotonic dystrophy and conduction system disease. JAMA. 2012;307:1292–1301. PubMed
Hasselberg NE, Edvardsen T, Petri H, Berge KE, et al. Risk prediction of ventricular arrhythmias and myocardial function in Lamin A/C mutation positive subjects. Europace. 2014;16:563–571. PubMed
Kolterer B, Gebauer RA, Janousek J, Dähnert I, Riede FT, Paech C. Improved quality of life after treatment of prolonged asystole during breath holding spells with a cardiac pacemaker. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2015;8:113–117. PubMed PMC
Kelly AM, Porter CJ, McGoon MD, Espinosa RE, Osborn MJ, Hayes DL. Breath-holding spells associated with significant bradycardia: successful treatment with permanent pacemaker implantation. Pediatrics. 2001;108:698–702. PubMed
Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guidelines for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope. Circulation. 2017;136:e60–e122. PubMed
Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, et al. International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology 3 (ISSUE-3) Investigators. Pacemaker therapy in patients with neurally mediated syncope and documented asystole: Third International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology (ISSUE-3): a randomized trial. Circulation. 2012;125:2566–2571. PubMed
Bestawros M, Darbar D, Arain A, Abou-Khalil B, Plummer D, Dupont WD, Rah SR. Ictal Asystole and Ictal Syncope: Insights into Clinical Management. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8:159–164. PubMed PMC
Viskin S, Fish R, Zeltser D, et al. Arrhythmias in the congenital long QT syndrome: How often is torsade de pointes pause dependent? Heart. 2000;83:661–666. PubMed PMC
Aziz PF, Tanel RE, Zelster IJ, et al. Congenital long QT syndrome and 2:1 atrioventricular block: an optimistic outcome in the current era. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:781–785. PubMed
Kowlgi GN, Giudicessi JR, Brake W, et al. Efficacy of intentional permanent atrial pacing in the long-term management of congenital long QT syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2021;32:782–789. PubMed
Forrester JD, Mead P. Third-degree heart block associated with lyme carditis: review of published cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:996–1000. PubMed
Nunes MCP, Beaton A, Acquatella H, et al. Chagas Cardiomyopathy: An Update of Current Clinical Knowledge and Management: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138:33–41. PubMed
Dionne A, Mah D, Son MF, et al. Atrio-Ventricular Block in Children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. Pediatrics. 2020:146. PubMed
Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:1677–1749. PubMed
Priori SG, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2793–2867. PubMed
Cunningham T, Roston TM, Franciosi S, et al. Initially unexplained cardiac arrest in children and adolescents: a national experience from the Canadian Pediatric Heart Rhythm Network. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17:975–981. PubMed
Rucinski C, Winbo A, Marcondes L, et al. A Population-Based Registry of Patients with Inherited Cardiac Conditions and Resuscitated Cardiac Arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:2698–2707. PubMed
van der Werf C, Lieve KV, Bos JM, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in previously undiagnosed patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia resuscitated from sudden cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:2953–2961. PubMed
Minier M, Probst V, Berthome P, et al. Age at diagnosis of Brugada syndrome: Influence on clinical characteristics and risk of arrhythmia. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17:743–749. PubMed
Kusumoto FM, Calkins H, Boehmer J, et al. HRS/ACC/AHA expert consensus statement on the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients who are not included or not well represented in clinical trials. Circulation. 2014;130:94–125. PubMed
Collins KK, Schaffer MS, Liberman L, et al. Fascicular and nonfascicular left ventricular tachycardias in the young: an international multicenter study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013;24:640–648. PubMed
Wu J, Chen Y, Ji W, Gu B, et al. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in the pediatric patients: A single-center experience. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;43:37–46. PubMed
Kini V, Soufi MK, Deo R, et al. Appropriateness of primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators at the time of generator replacement: are indications still met? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2388–2394. PubMed PMC
Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, et al. 2013 HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:1932–1963. PubMed
Jons C, Moss AJ, Goldenberg I, et al. Risk of fatal arrhythmic events in long QT syndrome patients after syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:783–788. PubMed
Bos JM, Bos KM, Johnson JN, et al. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation in long QT syndrome: analysis of therapeutic nonresponders. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6:705. PubMed
Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Effectiveness and limitations of beta-blocker therapy in congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2000;101:616–623. PubMed
Biton Y, Rosero S, Moss AJ, et al. Primary prevention with the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in high-risk long-QT syndrome patients. Europace. 2019;21:339–346. PubMed PMC
Schwartz PJ, Spazzolini C, Priori SG, et al. Who are the long-QT syndrome patients who receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and what happens to them.: data from the European Long-QT Syndrome Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (LQTS ICD) Registry? Circulation. 2010;122:1272–1282. PubMed
Liu JF, Jons C, Moss AJ, et al. Risk factors for recurrent syncope and subsequent fatal or near-fatal events in children and adolescents with long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:941–950. PubMed PMC
Roston TM, Jones K, Hawkins NM, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator use in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: A systematic review. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:1791–1799. PubMed
Kannankeril PJ, Moore JP, Cerrone M, et al. Efficacy of Flecainide in the Treatment of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:759–766. PubMed PMC
Miyake CY, Webster G, Czosek RJ, et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in young patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: success depends on substrate. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6:579–587. PubMed
Gonzalez Corcia MC, Sieira J, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children and adolescents with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:148–157. PubMed
Michowitz Y, Milman A, Andorin A, et al. Characterization and management of arrhythmic events in young patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:1756–1765. PubMed
Gonzalez Corcia MC, Sieira J, Pappaert G, et al. A clinical score model to predict lethal events in young patients (≤19 years) with the Brugada syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120:797–802. PubMed
Andorin A, Behr R, Denjoy I, et al. Impact of clinical and genetic findings on the management of young patients with Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13:1274–1282. PubMed
Ommen SR, Mital S, Burke MA, et al. 2020 AHA/ACC guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2020;142:e558–e631. PubMed
Maron BJ, Spirito P, Ackerman MJ, et al. Prevention of sudden cardiac death with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children and adolescents with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1527–1535. PubMed
Balaji S, DiLorenzo MP, Fish FA, et al. Risk factors for lethal arrhythmic events in children and adolescents with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and an implantable defibrillator: An international multicenter study. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:1462–1467. PubMed
Towbin JA, McKenna WJ, Abrams DJ, et al. 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:e301–e372. PubMed
Dubin AM, Berul CI, Bevilacqua LM, et al. The use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in pediatric patients awaiting heart transplantation. J Card Fail. 2003;9:375–379. PubMed
Bharucha T, Lee KJ, Daubeney PE, et al. Sudden death in childhood cardiomyopathy: results from a long-term national population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:2302–2310. PubMed
Pahl E, Sleeper LA, Canter CE, et al. PCMR (Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry) Investigators. Incidence of and risk factors for sudden cardiac death in children with dilated cardiomyopathy: A report from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:607–615. PubMed PMC
Khairy P, Harris L, Landzberg MJ, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 2008;117:363–370. PubMed
Silka MJ, Hardy BG, Menashe VD, et al. A population-based prospective evaluation of risk of sudden cardiac death after operation for common congenital heart defects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:245–251. PubMed
Zeppenfeld K, Schalij MJ, Bartelings MM, et al. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia after repair of congenital heart disease: electroanatomic identification of the critical right ventricular isthmus. Circulation. 2007;116:2241–2252. PubMed
Steinberg JS, Varma N, Cygankiewicz I, et al. 2017 ISHNE-HRS expert consensus statement on ambulatory ECG and external cardiac monitoring/telemetry. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14:e55–e96. PubMed
Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2631–2671. PubMed PMC
Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:1883–1948. PubMed
Rossano J, Bloemers B, Sreeram N, et al. Efficacy of implantable loop recorders in establishing symptom-rhythm correlation in young patients with syncope and palpitations. Pediatrics. 2003;112:e228–e233. PubMed
Avari Silva JN, Bromberg BI, Emge FK, et al. Implantable loop recorder monitoring for refining management of children with inherited arrhythmia syndromes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5 PubMed PMC
Serdyuk S, Davtyan K, Burd S, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Results of long-term monitoring. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18:221–228. PubMed
Wilkoff BL, Love CJ, Byrd CL, et al. Transvenous lead extraction: Heart Rhythm Society expect consensus on facilities, training, indications and patient management. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:1085–1104. PubMed
Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Wilkoff BL, et al. 2017 HRS expert consensus statement on cardiovascular implantable electronic device lead management and extraction. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14:e503–e551. PubMed
Atallah J, Erickson CC, Cecchin F, et al. Multi-institutional study of implantable defibrillator lead performance in children and young adults: results of the Pediatric Lead Extractability and Survival Evaluation (PLEASE) study. Circulation. 2013;127:2393–2402. PubMed
Bongiorni MG, Burri H, Deharo JC, et al. 2018 EHRA expert consensus statement on lead extraction: recommendations on definitions, endpoints, research trial design, and data collection requirements for clinical scientific studies and registries: endorsed by APHRS/HRS/LAHRS. Europace. 2018;20:1217. PubMed
Mah DY, Prakash A, Porras D, et al. Coronary artery compression from epicardial leads: More common than we think. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:1439–1447. PubMed
Slotwiner D, Varma N, Akar J, et al. HRS Expert Consensus Statement on remote interrogation and monitoring for cardiovascular implantable electronic devices. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:E69–E100. PubMed
Wilkoff BL, Auricchio A, Brugada J, et al. HRS/EHRA expert consensus on the monitoring of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs): Description of techniques, indications, personnel, frequency and ethical considerations. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5:907–925. PubMed
Tantengco MV, Thomas RL, Karpawich PP. Left ventricular dysfunction after long-term right ventricular apical pacing in the young. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:2093–2100. PubMed
Gonzalez Corcia MC, Remy LS, Marchandise S, et al. Exercise performance in young patients with complete atrioventricular block: The relevance of synchronous atrioventricular pacing. Cardiol Young. 2016:261066–261071. PubMed
Indik JH, Gimbel JR, Abe H, et al. 2017 HRS expert consensus statement on magnetic resonance imaging and radiation exposure in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14:e97–e153. PubMed
Bireley M, Kovach JR, Morton C, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children is safe with most pacemaker systems, including those with epicardial leads. Pediatr Cardiol. 2020;41:801–808. PubMed
Gakenheimer-Smith L, Etheridge SP, Niu MC, et al. MRI in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients with CIEDs and epicardial or abandoned leads. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;43:797–804. PubMed PMC
Lampert R, Olshansky B, Heidbuchel H, et al. Safety of sports for athletes with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: Long-term results of a prospective multinational registry. Circulation. 2017;135:2310–2312. PubMed
Maron BJ, Zipes DP, Kovacs RJ. American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and American College of Cardiology. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: preamble, principles, and general considerations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2015;132:e256–e261. PubMed
Goette A, Auricchio A, Boriani G, et al. EHRA White Paper: Knowledge gaps in arrhythmia management—status 2019. Europace. 2019;21:993–994. PubMed