Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attractive printable, flexible, and cost-effective optoelectronic devices constituting an alternative technology to conventional Si-based ones. The incorporation of low-dimensional materials, such as two-dimensional (2D) materials, into the PSC structure is a promising route for interfacial and bulk perovskite engineering, paving the way for improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability. In this work, we investigate the incorporation of 2D bismuth telluride iodide (BiTeI) flakes as additives in the perovskite active layer, demonstrating their role in tuning the interfacial energy-level alignment for optimum device performance. By varying the concentration of BiTeI flakes in the perovskite precursor solution between 0.008 mg mL-1 and 0.1 mg mL-1, a downward shift in the energy levels of the perovskite results in an optimal alignment of the energy levels of the materials across the cell structure, as supported by device simulations. Thus, the cell fill factor (FF) increases with additive concentration, reaching values greater than 82%, although the suppression of open circuit voltage (V oc) is reported beyond an additive concentration threshold of 0.03 mg mL-1. The most performant devices delivered a PCE of 18.3%, with an average PCE showing a +8% increase compared to the reference devices. This work demonstrates the potential of 2D-material-based additives for the engineering of PSCs via energy level optimization at perovskite/charge transporting layer interfaces.

BeDimensional S p A Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R 16163 Genova Italy

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean University Heraklion 71410 Crete Greece

Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Prague 6 16628 Czech Republic

Department of Nanochemistry Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy

Functional Nanosystems Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy

Graphene Labs Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy

Institute of Emerging Technologies of HMU Research Center Heraklion 71410 Crete Greece

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Jeong J. Kim M. Seo J. Lu H. Ahlawat P. Mishra A. Yang Y. Hope M. A. Eickemeyer F. T. Kim M. Yoon Y. J. Choi I. W. Darwich B. P. Choi S. J. Jo Y. Lee J. H. Walker B. Zakeeruddin S. M. Emsley L. Rothlisberger U. Hagfeldt A. Kim D. S. Grätzel M. Kim J. Y. Pseudo-halide anion engineering for α-FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells. Nature. 2021;592:381–385. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03406-5. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03406-5. PubMed DOI

Min H. Lee D. Y. Kim J. Kim G. Lee K. S. Kim J. Paik M. J. Kim Y. K. Kim K. S. Kim M. G. Shin T. J. Il Seok S. Perovskite solar cells with atomically coherent interlayers on SnO2 electrodes. Nature. 2021;598:444–450. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03964-8. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03964-8. PubMed DOI

NREL, Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart, (n.d.), https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html, accessed June 20, 2022

Cheng Y. Ding L. Pushing commercialization of perovskite solar cells by improving their intrinsic stability. Energy Environ. Sci. 2021;14:3233–3255. doi: 10.1039/d1ee00493j. doi: 10.1039/D1EE00493J. DOI

Li N. Niu X. Chen Q. Zhou H. Towards commercialization: the operational stability of perovskite solar cells. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020;49:8235–8286. doi: 10.1039/d0cs00573h. doi: 10.1039/D0CS00573H. PubMed DOI

Jacobsson T. J. Hultqvist A. García-Fernández A. Anand A. Al-Ashouri A. Hagfeldt A. Crovetto A. Abate A. Ricciardulli A. G. Vijayan A. Kulkarni A. Anderson A. Y. Darwich B. P. Yang B. Coles B. L. Perini C. A. R. Rehermann C. Ramirez D. Fairen-Jimenez D. Di Girolamo D. Jia D. Avila E. Juarez-Perez E. J. Baumann F. Mathies F. González G. S. A. Boschloo G. Nasti G. Paramasivam G. Martínez-Denegri G. Näsström H. Michaels H. Köbler H. Wu H. Benesperi I. Dar M. I. Bayrak Pehlivan I. Gould I. E. Vagott J. N. Dagar J. Kettle J. Yang J. Li J. Smith J. A. Pascual J. Jerónimo-Rendón J. J. Montoya J. F. Correa-Baena J.-P. Qiu J. Wang J. Sveinbjörnsson K. Hirselandt K. Dey K. Frohna K. Mathies L. Castriotta L. A. Aldamasy M. H. Vasquez-Montoya M. Ruiz-Preciado M. A. Flatken M. A. V Khenkin M. Grischek M. Kedia M. Saliba M. Anaya M. Veldhoen M. Arora N. Shargaieva O. Maus O. Game O. S. Yudilevich O. Fassl P. Zhou Q. Betancur R. Munir R. Patidar R. Stranks S. D. Alam S. Kar S. Unold T. Abzieher T. Edvinsson T. David T. W. Paetzold U. W. Zia W. Fu W. Zuo W. Schröder V. R. F. Tress W. Zhang X. Chiang Y.-H. Iqbal Z. Xie Z. Unger E. An open-access database and analysis tool for perovskite solar cells based on the FAIR data principles. Nat. Energy. 2022;7:107–115. doi: 10.1038/s41560-021-00941-3. doi: 10.1038/s41560-021-00941-3. DOI

Najafi L. Bellani S. Gabatel L. Zappia M. I. Di Carlo A. Bonaccorso F. Reverse-Bias and Temperature Behaviors of Perovskite Solar Cells at Extended Voltage Range. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022;5:1378–1384. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03206. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03206. PubMed DOI PMC

Howard I. A. Abzieher T. Hossain I. M. Eggers H. Schackmar F. Ternes S. Richards B. S. Lemmer U. Paetzold U. W. Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications. Adv. Mater. 2019;31:1806702. doi: 10.1002/adma.201806702. doi: 10.1002/adma.201806702. PubMed DOI

Mariani P. Najafi L. Bianca G. Zappia M. I. Gabatel L. Agresti A. Pescetelli S. Di Carlo A. Bellani S. Bonaccorso F. Low-Temperature Graphene-Based Paste for Large-Area Carbon Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2021;13:22368–22380. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c02626. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c02626. PubMed DOI PMC

Romano V. Najafi L. Sutanto A. A. Schileo G. Queloz V. Bellani S. Prato M. Marras S. Nazeeruddin M. K. D'Angelo G. Bonaccorso F. Grancini G. Two-Step Thermal Annealing: An Effective Route for 15% Efficient Quasi-2D Perovskite Solar Cells. Chempluschem. 2021;86:1044–1048. doi: 10.1002/cplu.202000777. doi: 10.1002/cplu.202000777. PubMed DOI

Lim K.-G. Ahn S. Kim Y.-H. Qi Y. Lee T.-W. Universal energy level tailoring of self-organized hole extraction layers in organic solar cells and organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016;9:932–939. doi: 10.1039/c5ee03560k. doi: 10.1039/C5EE03560K. DOI

Aygüler M. F. Hufnagel A. G. Rieder P. Wussler M. Jaegermann W. Bein T. Dyakonov V. Petrus M. L. Baumann A. Docampo P. Influence of Fermi Level Alignment with Tin Oxide on the Hysteresis of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2018;10:11414–11419. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b00990. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b00990. PubMed DOI

Schulz P. Cahen D. Kahn A. Halide Perovskites: Is It All about the Interfaces? Chem. Rev. 2019;119:3349–3417. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00558. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00558. PubMed DOI

Pescetelli S. Agresti A. Viskadouros G. Razza S. Rogdakis K. Kalogerakis I. Spiliarotis E. Leonardi E. Mariani P. Sorbello L. Pierro M. Cornaro C. Bellani S. Najafi L. Martín-García B. Del Rio Castillo A. E. Oropesa-Nuñez R. Prato M. Maranghi S. Parisi M. L. Sinicropi A. Basosi R. Bonaccorso F. Kymakis E. Di Carlo A. Integration of two-dimensional materials-based perovskite solar panels into a stand-alone solar farm. Nat. Energy. 2022;7:597–607. doi: 10.1038/s41560-022-01035-4. doi: 10.1038/s41560-022-01035-4. DOI

Miller E. M. Zhao Y. Mercado C. C. Saha S. K. Luther J. M. Zhu K. Stevanović V. Perkins C. L. Van De Lagemaat J. Substrate-controlled band positions in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014;16:22122–22130. doi: 10.1039/c4cp03533j. doi: 10.1039/C4CP03533J. PubMed DOI

Schulz P. Whittaker-Brooks L. L. MacLeod B. A. Olson D. C. Loo Y.-L. Kahn A. Electronic Level Alignment in Inverted Organometal Perovskite Solar Cells. Adv. Mater. Interfaces. 2015;2:1400532. doi: 10.1002/admi.201400532. doi: 10.1002/admi.201400532. DOI

Wang Q. K. Bin Wang R. Shen P. F. Li C. Li Y. Q. Liu L. J. Duhm S. Tang J. X. Energy Level Offsets at Lead Halide Perovskite/Organic Hybrid Interfaces and Their Impacts on Charge Separation. Adv. Mater. Interfaces. 2015;2:1400528. doi: 10.1002/admi.201400528. doi: 10.1002/admi.201400528. DOI

Schulz P. Edri E. Kirmayer S. Hodes G. Cahen D. Kahn A. Interface energetics in organo-metal halide perovskite-based photovoltaic cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014;7:1377. doi: 10.1039/c4ee00168k. doi: 10.1039/C4EE00168K. DOI

Endres J. Kulbak M. Zhao L. Rand B. P. Cahen D. Hodes G. Kahn A. Electronic structure of the CsPbBr 3/polytriarylamine (PTAA) system. J. Appl. Phys. 2017;121:035304. doi: 10.1063/1.4974471. doi: 10.1063/1.4974471. DOI

Zhang F. Zhu K. Additive Engineering for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020;10:1902579. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902579. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902579. DOI

Liu S. Guan Y. Sheng Y. Hu Y. Rong Y. Mei A. Han H. A Review on Additives for Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020;10:1902492. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902492. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902492. DOI

Phung N. Félix R. Meggiolaro D. Al-Ashouri A. Sousa e Silva G. Hartmann C. Hidalgo J. Köbler H. Mosconi E. Lai B. Gunder R. Li M. Wang K.-L. Wang Z.-K. Nie K. Handick E. Wilks R. G. Marquez J. A. Rech B. Unold T. Correa-Baena J.-P. Albrecht S. De Angelis F. Bär M. Abate A. The Doping Mechanism of Halide Perovskite Unveiled by Alkaline Earth Metals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020;142:2364–2374. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b11637. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b11637. PubMed DOI

Yu J. C. Badgujar S. Jung E. D. Singh V. K. Kim D. W. Gierschner J. Lee E. Kim Y. S. Cho S. Kwon M. S. Song M. H. Highly Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell Obtained via Treatment by Semiconducting Chemical Additive. Adv. Mater. 2019;31:1805554. doi: 10.1002/adma.201805554. PubMed DOI

Chen J. Kim S.-G. Ren X. Jung H. S. Park N.-G. Effect of bidentate and tridentate additives on the photovoltaic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2019;7:4977–4987. doi: 10.1039/c8ta11977e. doi: 10.1039/C8TA11977E. DOI

Zheng X. Hou Y. Bao C. Yin J. Yuan F. Huang Z. Song K. Liu J. Troughton J. Gasparini N. Zhou C. Lin Y. Xue D. Chen B. Johnston A. K. Wei N. Hedhili M. N. Wei M. Alsalloum A. Y. Maity P. Turedi B. Yang C. Baran D. Anthopoulos T. D. Han Y. Lu Z. Mohammed O. F. Gao F. Sargent E. H. Bakr O. M. Managing grains and interfaces via ligand anchoring enables 22.3%-efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells. Nat. Energy. 2020;5:131–140. doi: 10.1038/s41560-019-0538-4. doi: 10.1038/s41560-019-0538-4. DOI

Chen C. Wang X. Li Z. Du X. Shao Z. Sun X. Liu D. Gao C. Hao L. Zhao Q. Zhang B. Cui G. Pang S. Polyacrylonitrile-Coordinated Perovskite Solar Cell with Open-Circuit Voltage Exceeding 1.23 V. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022;61:e202113932. doi: 10.1002/anie.202113932. PubMed DOI

Lin C.-T. De Rossi F. Kim J. Baker J. Ngiam J. Xu B. Pont S. Aristidou N. Haque S. A. Watson T. McLachlan M. A. Durrant J. R. Evidence for surface defect passivation as the origin of the remarkable photostability of unencapsulated perovskite solar cells employing aminovaleric acid as a processing additive. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2019;7:3006–3011. doi: 10.1039/c8ta11985f. doi: 10.1039/C8TA11985F. DOI

Bai S. Da P. Li C. Wang Z. Yuan Z. Fu F. Kawecki M. Liu X. Sakai N. Wang J. T.-W. Huettner S. Buecheler S. Fahlman M. Gao F. Snaith H. J. Planar perovskite solar cells with long-term stability using ionic liquid additives. Nature. 2019;571:245–250. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1357-2. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1357-2. PubMed DOI

Zuo L. Guo H. DeQuilettes D. W. Jariwala S. De Marco N. Dong S. DeBlock R. Ginger D. S. Dunn B. Wang M. Yang Y. Polymer-modified halide perovskite films for efficient and stable planar heterojunction solar cells. Sci. Adv. 2017;3:e1700106. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700106. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700106. PubMed DOI PMC

Niu Y. He D. Zhang Z. Zhu J. Gavin T. Falaras P. Hu L. Improved crystallinity and self-healing effects in perovskite solar cells via functional incorporation of polyvinylpyrrolidone. J. Energy Chem. 2022;68:12–18. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2021.10.029. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2021.10.029. DOI

Wang K. Subhani W. S. Wang Y. Zuo X. Wang H. Duan L. Liu S. F. Metal Cations in Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Perspective. Adv. Mater. 2019;31:1902037. doi: 10.1002/adma.201902037. doi: 10.1002/adma.201902037. PubMed DOI

Caprioglio P. Zu F. Wolff C. M. Márquez Prieto J. A. Stolterfoht M. Becker P. Koch N. Unold T. Rech B. Albrecht S. Neher D. High open circuit voltages in pin-type perovskite solar cells through strontium addition. Sustainable Energy Fuels. 2019;3:550–563. doi: 10.1039/c8se00509e. doi: 10.1039/C8SE00509E. DOI

Lu K. Lei Y. Qi R. Liu J. Yang X. Jia Z. Liu R. Xiang Y. Zheng Z. Fermi level alignment by copper doping for efficient ITO/perovskite junction solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2017;5:25211–25219. doi: 10.1039/c7ta07828e. doi: 10.1039/C7TA07828E. DOI

Zhang J. Shang M. H. Wang P. Huang X. Xu J. Hu Z. Zhu Y. Han L. N-Type Doping and Energy States Tuning in CH3NH3Pb1-xSb2x/3I3 Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Energy Lett. 2016;1:535–541. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00241. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00241. DOI

Abdelhady A. L. Saidaminov M. I. Murali B. Adinolfi V. Voznyy O. Katsiev K. Alarousu E. Comin R. Dursun I. Sinatra L. Sargent E. H. Mohammed O. F. Bakr O. M. Heterovalent Dopant Incorporation for Bandgap and Type Engineering of Perovskite Crystals. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016;7:295–301. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02681. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02681. PubMed DOI

Lin Y. Shao Y. Dai J. Li T. Liu Y. Dai X. Xiao X. Deng Y. Gruverman A. Zeng X. C. Huang J. Metallic surface doping of metal halide perovskites. Nat. Commun. 2021;12:7. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20110-6. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20110-6. PubMed DOI PMC

Chen Q. Chen L. Ye F. Zhao T. Tang F. Rajagopal A. Jiang Z. Jiang S. Jen A. K. Y. Xie Y. Cai J. Chen L. Ag-Incorporated Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Films and Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells. Nano Lett. 2017;17:3231–3237. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00847. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00847. PubMed DOI

Shahbazi S. Tsai C. M. Narra S. Wang C. Y. Shiu H. S. Afshar S. Taghavinia N. Diau E. W. G. Ag Doping of Organometal Lead Halide Perovskites: Morphology Modification and p-Type Character. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2017;121:3673–3679. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b09722. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b09722. DOI

Noel N. K. Habisreutinger S. N. Pellaroque A. Pulvirenti F. Wenger B. Zhang F. Lin Y.-H. Reid O. G. Leisen J. Zhang Y. Barlow S. Marder S. R. Kahn A. Snaith H. J. Arnold C. B. Rand B. P. Interfacial charge-transfer doping of metal halide perovskites for high performance photovoltaics. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019;12:3063–3073. doi: 10.1039/c9ee01773a. doi: 10.1039/C9EE01773A. DOI

Mahmoudi T. Wang Y. Hahn Y.-B. Stability Enhancement in Perovskite Solar Cells with Perovskite/Silver–Graphene Composites in the Active Layer. ACS Energy Lett. 2019;4:235–241. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b02201. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b02201. DOI

Pescetelli S. Agresti A. Razza S. Pazniak H. Najafi L. Bonaccorso F. Di Carlo A. Synergic use of two-dimensional materials to tailor interfaces in large area perovskite modules. Nano Energy. 2022;95:107019. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107019. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107019. DOI

Guo Z. Gao L. Xu Z. Teo S. Zhang C. Kamata Y. Hayase S. Ma T. High Electrical Conductivity 2D MXene Serves as Additive of Perovskite for Efficient Solar Cells. Small. 2018;14:1802738. doi: 10.1002/smll.201802738. doi: 10.1002/smll.201802738. PubMed DOI

Agresti A. Pazniak A. Pescetelli S. Di Vito A. Rossi D. Pecchia A. Auf der Maur M. Liedl A. Larciprete R. Kuznetsov D. V. Saranin D. Di Carlo A. Titanium-carbide MXenes for work function and interface engineering in perovskite solar cells. Nat. Mater. 2019;18:1228–1234. doi: 10.1038/s41563-019-0478-1. doi: 10.1038/s41563-019-0478-1. PubMed DOI

Shevelkov A. V. Dikarev E. V. Shpanchenko R. V. Popovkin B. A. Crystal Structures of Bismuth Tellurohalides BiTeX (X = Cl, Br, I) from X-Ray Powder Diffraction Data. J. Solid State Chem. 1995;114:379–384. doi: 10.1006/jssc.1995.1058. doi: 10.1006/jssc.1995.1058. DOI

Kim J. Rabe K. M. Vanderbilt D. Negative piezoelectric response of van der Waals layered bismuth tellurohalides. Phys. Rev. B. 2019;100:104115. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.104115. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.104115. DOI

Ishizaka K. Bahramy M. S. Murakawa H. Sakano M. Shimojima T. Sonobe T. Koizumi K. Shin S. Miyahara H. Kimura A. Miyamoto K. Okuda T. Namatame H. Taniguchi M. Arita R. Nagaosa N. Kobayashi K. Murakami Y. Kumai R. Kaneko Y. Onose Y. Tokura Y. Giant Rashba-type spin splitting in bulk BiTeI. Nat. Mater. 2011;10:521–526. doi: 10.1038/nmat3051. doi: 10.1038/nmat3051. PubMed DOI

Sakano M. Bahramy M. S. Katayama A. Shimojima T. Murakawa H. Kaneko Y. Malaeb W. Shin S. Ono K. Kumigashira H. Arita R. Nagaosa N. Hwang H. Y. Tokura Y. Ishizaka K. Strongly Spin-Orbit Coupled Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Emerging near the Surface of Polar Semiconductors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013;110:107204. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.107204. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.107204. PubMed DOI

Wu L. Yang J. Wang S. Wei P. Yang J. Zhang W. Chen L. Two-dimensional thermoelectrics with Rashba spin-split bands in bulk BiTeI. Phys. Rev. B. 2014;90:195210. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.90.195210. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.90.195210. DOI

Kou L. Wu S. C. Felser C. Frauenheim T. Chen C. Yan B. Robust 2D topological insulators in van der Waals heterostructures. ACS Nano. 2014;8:10448–10454. doi: 10.1021/nn503789v. doi: 10.1021/nn503789v. PubMed DOI

Xi X. Ma C. Liu Z. Chen Z. Ku W. Berger H. Martin C. Tanner D. B. Carr G. L. Signatures of a Pressure-Induced Topological Quantum Phase Transition in BiTeI. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013;111:155701. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.155701. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.155701. PubMed DOI

Sobolev V. V. Pesterev E. V. Sobolev V. V. Dielectric Permittivity of BiTeI. Inorg. Mater. 2004;40:128–129. doi: 10.1023/B:INMA.0000016085.64149.24. doi: 10.1023/B:INMA.0000016085.64149.24. DOI

Rusinov I. P. Tereshchenko O. E. Kokh K. A. Shakhmametova A. R. Azarov I. A. Chulkov E. V. Role of anisotropy and spin-orbit interaction in the optical and dielectric properties of BiTeI and BiTeCl compounds. JETP Lett. 2015;101:507–512. doi: 10.1134/S0021364015080147. doi: 10.1134/S0021364015080147. DOI

Xiao W.-Z. Luo H.-J. Xu L. Elasticity, piezoelectricity, and mobility in two-dimensional BiTeI from a first-principles study. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2020;53:245301. doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/ab813a. doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/ab813a. DOI

Lee J. S. Schober G. A. H. Bahramy M. S. Murakawa H. Onose Y. Arita R. Nagaosa N. Tokura Y. Optical Response of Relativistic Electrons in the Polar BiTeI Semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011;107:117401. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.117401. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.117401. PubMed DOI

Kanou M. Sasagawa T. Crystal growth and electronic properties of a 3D Rashba material, BiTeI, with adjusted carrier concentrations. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 2013;25:135801. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/13/135801. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/13/135801. PubMed DOI

Kohsaka Y. Kanou M. Takagi H. Hanaguri T. Sasagawa T. Imaging ambipolar two-dimensional carriers induced by the spontaneous electric polarization of a polar semiconductor BiTeI. Phys. Rev. B. 2015;91:245312. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.91.245312. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.91.245312. DOI

Eremeev S. V. Nechaev I. A. Chulkov E. V. Giant Rashba-type spin splitting at polar surfaces of BiTeI. JETP Lett. 2012;96:437–444. doi: 10.1134/S0021364012190071. doi: 10.1134/S0021364012190071. PubMed DOI

Fiedler S. El-Kareh L. Eremeev S. V. Tereshchenko O. E. Seibel C. Lutz P. Kokh K. A. Chulkov E. V. Kuznetsova T. V. Grebennikov V. I. Bentmann H. Bode M. Reinert F. Defect and structural imperfection effects on the electronic properties of BiTeI surfaces. New J. Phys. 2014;16 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/16/7/075013. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/16/7/075013. DOI

Riis-Jensen A. C. Deilmann T. Olsen T. Thygesen K. S. Classifying the Electronic and Optical Properties of Janus Monolayers. ACS Nano. 2019;13:13354–13364. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06698. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06698. PubMed DOI

Ma Y. Dai Y. Wei W. Li X. Huang B. Emergence of electric polarity in BiTeX (X = Br and I) monolayers and the giant Rashba spin splitting. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014;16:17603. doi: 10.1039/c4cp01975j. doi: 10.1039/C4CP01975J. PubMed DOI

Guo S.-D. Guo X.-S. Liu Z.-Y. Quan Y.-N. Large piezoelectric coefficients combined with high electron mobilities in Janus monolayer XTeI (X = Sb and Bi): a first-principles study. J. Appl. Phys. 2020;127:064302. doi: 10.1063/1.5134960. doi: 10.1063/1.5134960. DOI

Antonatos N. Kovalska E. Mazánek V. Veselý M. Sedmidubský D. Wu B. Sofer Z. Electrochemical Exfoliation of Janus-like BiTeI Nanosheets for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2021;4:590–599. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02860. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02860. DOI

Bianca G. Trovatello C. Zilli A. Zappia M. I. Bellani S. Curreli N. Conticello I. Buha J. Piccinni M. Ghini M. Celebrano M. Finazzi M. Kriegel I. Antonatos N. Sofer Z. Bonaccorso F. Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Bismuth Telluride Iodide (BiTeI): 2 Structural and Optical Properties of Single-/Few-Layer Flakes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2022;14:34963–34974. doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c07704. doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c07704. PubMed DOI PMC

Björkman T. Gulans A. Krasheninnikov A. V. Nieminen R. M. van der Waals Bonding in Layered Compounds from Advanced Density-Functional First-Principles Calculations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012;108:235502. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.235502. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.235502. PubMed DOI

Bianca G. Zappia M. I. Bellani S. Sofer Z. Serri M. Najafi L. Oropesa-Nuñez R. Martín-García B. Hartman T. Leoncino L. Sedmidubský D. Pellegrini V. Chiarello G. Bonaccorso F. Liquid-Phase Exfoliated GeSe Nanoflakes for Photoelectrochemical-Type Photodetectors and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020;12:48598–48613. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c14201. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c14201. PubMed DOI PMC

Zappia M. I. Bianca G. Bellani S. Curreli N. Sofer Z. Serri M. Najafi L. Piccinni M. Oropesa-Nuñez R. Marvan P. Pellegrini V. Kriegel I. Prato M. Cupolillo A. Bonaccorso F. Two-Dimensional Gallium Sulfide Nanoflakes for UV-Selective Photoelectrochemical-type Photodetectors. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2021;125:11857–11866. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03597. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03597. PubMed DOI PMC

Zacharia R. Ulbricht H. Hertel T. Interlayer cohesive energy of graphite from thermal desorption of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Phys. Rev. B. 2004;69:155406. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.155406. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.155406. DOI

Fülöp B. Tajkov Z. Pető J. Kun P. Koltai J. Oroszlány L. Tóvári E. Murakawa H. Tokura Y. Bordács S. Tapasztó L. Csonka S. Exfoliation of single layer BiTeI flakes. 2D Mater. 2018;5:031013. doi: 10.1088/2053-1583/aac652. doi: 10.1088/2053-1583/aac652. DOI

Backes C. Abdelkader A. M. Alonso C. Andrieux-Ledier A. Arenal R. Azpeitia J. Balakrishnan N. Banszerus L. Barjon J. Bartali R. Bellani S. Berger C. Berger R. Ortega M. M. B. Bernard C. Beton P. H. Beyer A. Bianco A. Bøggild P. Bonaccorso F. Barin G. B. Botas C. Bueno R. A. Carriazo D. Castellanos-Gomez A. Christian M. Ciesielski A. Ciuk T. Cole M. T. Coleman J. Coletti C. Crema L. Cun H. Dasler D. De Fazio D. Díez N. Drieschner S. Duesberg G. S. Fasel R. Feng X. Fina A. Forti S. Galiotis C. Garberoglio G. García J. M. Garrido J. A. Gibertini M. Gölzhäuser A. Gómez J. Greber T. Hauke F. Hemmi A. Hernandez-Rodriguez I. Hirsch A. Hodge S. A. Huttel Y. Jepsen P. U. Jimenez I. Kaiser U. Kaplas T. Kim H. Kis A. Papagelis K. Kostarelos K. Krajewska A. Lee K. Li C. Lipsanen H. Liscio A. Lohe M. R. Loiseau A. Lombardi L. Francisca López M. Martin O. Martín C. Martínez L. Martin-Gago J. A. Ignacio Martínez J. Marzari N. Mayoral Á. McManus J. Melucci M. Méndez J. Merino C. Merino P. Meyer A. P. Miniussi E. Miseikis V. Mishra N. Morandi V. Munuera C. Muñoz R. Nolan H. Ortolani L. Ott A. K. Palacio I. Palermo V. Parthenios J. Pasternak I. Patane A. Prato M. Prevost H. Prudkovskiy V. Pugno N. Rojo T. Rossi A. Ruffieux P. Samorì P. Schué L. Setijadi E. Seyller T. Speranza G. Stampfer C. Stenger I. Strupinski W. Svirko Y. Taioli S. Teo K. B. K. Testi M. Tomarchio F. Tortello M. Treossi E. Turchanin A. Vazquez E. Villaro E. Whelan P. R. Xia Z. Yakimova R. Yang S. Yazdi G. R. Yim C. Yoon D. Zhang X. Zhuang X. Colombo L. Ferrari A. C. Garcia-Hernandez M. Production and processing of graphene and related materials. 2D Mater. 2020;7:022001. doi: 10.1088/2053-1583/ab1e0a. doi: 10.1088/2053-1583/ab1e0a. DOI

Del Rio Castillo A. E. Pellegrini V. Ansaldo A. Ricciardella F. Sun H. Marasco L. Buha J. Dang Z. Gagliani L. Lago E. Curreli N. Gentiluomo S. Palazon F. Prato M. Oropesa-Nuñez R. Toth P. S. Mantero E. Crugliano M. Gamucci A. Tomadin A. Polini M. Bonaccorso F. High-yield production of 2D crystals by wet-jet milling. Mater. Horiz. 2018;5:890–904. doi: 10.1039/c8mh00487k. doi: 10.1039/C8MH00487K. DOI

Bellani S. Bartolotta A. Agresti A. Calogero G. Grancini G. Di Carlo A. Kymakis E. Bonaccorso F. Solution-processed two-dimensional materials for next-generation photovoltaics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021;50:11870–11965. doi: 10.1039/d1cs00106j. doi: 10.1039/D1CS00106J. PubMed DOI PMC

Bonaccorso F. Bartolotta A. Coleman J. N. Backes C. 2D-Crystal-Based Functional Inks. Adv. Mater. 2016;28:6136–6166. doi: 10.1002/adma.201506410. doi: 10.1002/adma.201506410. PubMed DOI

Hu G. Kang J. Ng L. W. T. Zhu X. Howe R. C. T. Jones C. G. Hersam M. C. Hasan T. Functional inks and printing of two-dimensional materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018;47:3265–3300. doi: 10.1039/c8cs00084k. doi: 10.1039/C8CS00084K. PubMed DOI

Chatzimanolis K. Rogdakis K. Tsikritzis D. Tzoganakis N. Tountas M. Krassas M. Bellani S. Najafi L. Martín-García B. Oropesa-Nuñez R. Prato M. Bianca G. Plutnarova I. Sofer Z. Bonaccorso F. Kymakis E. Inverted perovskite solar cells with enhanced lifetime and thermal stability enabled by a metallic tantalum disulfide buffer layer. Nanoscale Adv. 2021;3:3124–3135. doi: 10.1039/d1na00172h. doi: 10.1039/D1NA00172H. PubMed DOI PMC

Bonaccorso F. Lombardo A. Hasan T. Sun Z. Colombo L. Ferrari A. C. Production and processing of graphene and 2d crystals. Mater. Today. 2012;15:564–589. doi: 10.1016/S1369-7021(13)70014-2. doi: 10.1016/S1369-7021(13)70014-2. DOI

Tzoganakis N. Feng B. Loizos M. Krassas M. Tsikritzis D. Zhuang X. Kymakis E. Ultrathin PTAA interlayer in conjunction with azulene derivatives for the fabrication of inverted perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. C. 2021;9:14709–14719. doi: 10.1039/d1tc02726c. doi: 10.1039/D1TC02726C. DOI

Burgelman M. Nollet P. Degrave S. Modelling polycrystalline semiconductor solar cells. Thin Solid Films. 2000;361:527–532. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00825-1. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00825-1. DOI

Coleman J. N. Lotya M. O'Neill A. Bergin S. D. King P. J. Khan U. Young K. Gaucher A. De S. Smith R. J. Shvets I. V. Arora S. K. Stanton G. Kim H.-Y. Lee K. Kim G. T. Duesberg G. S. Hallam T. Boland J. J. Wang J. J. Donegan J. F. Grunlan J. C. Moriarty G. Shmeliov A. Nicholls R. J. Perkins J. M. Grieveson E. M. Theuwissen K. McComb D. W. Nellist P. D. Nicolosi V. Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials. Science. 2011;331(80):568–571. doi: 10.1126/science.1194975. doi: 10.1126/science.1194975. PubMed DOI

Hernandez Y. Nicolosi V. Lotya M. Blighe F. M. Sun Z. De S. McGovern I. T. Holland B. Byrne M. Gun’Ko Y. K. Boland J. J. Niraj P. Duesberg G. Krishnamurthy S. Goodhue R. Hutchison J. Scardaci V. Ferrari A. C. Coleman J. N. High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008;3:563–568. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2008.215. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2008.215. PubMed DOI

Tsikritzis D. Rogdakis K. Chatzimanolis K. Petrović M. Tzoganakis N. Najafi L. Martín-García B. Oropesa-Nuñez R. Bellani S. Del Rio Castillo A. E. Prato M. Stylianakis M. M. Bonaccorso F. Kymakis E. A two-fold engineering approach based on Bi 2 Te 3 flakes towards efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells, Mater. Adv. 2020;1:450–462. doi: 10.1039/d0ma00162g. DOI

Wu L. Yang J. Zhang T. Wang S. Wei P. Zhang W. Chen L. Yang J. Enhanced thermoelectric performance in the Rashba semiconductor BiTeI through band gap engineering. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 2016;28:085801. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/8/085801. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/8/085801. PubMed DOI

Sklyadneva I. Y. Heid R. Bohnen K.-P. Chis V. Volodin V. A. Kokh K. A. Tereshchenko O. E. Echenique P. M. Chulkov E. V. Lattice dynamics of bismuth tellurohalides. Phys. Rev. B. 2012;86:094302. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.86.094302. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.86.094302. DOI

Tran M. K. Levallois J. Lerch P. Teyssier J. Kuzmenko A. B. Autès G. Yazyev O. V. Ubaldini A. Giannini E. van der Marel D. Akrap A. Infrared- and Raman-Spectroscopy Measurements of a Transition in the Crystal Structure and a Closing of the Energy Gap of BiTeI under Pressure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014;112:047402. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.047402. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.047402. PubMed DOI

Soultati A. Tountas M. Fakharuddin A. Skoulikidou M. Verykios A. Armadorou K. Tzoganakis N. Vidali V. P. Sakellis I. Koralli P. Chochos C. L. Petsalakis I. Nikoloudakis E. Palilis L. C. Filippatos P. Argitis P. Davazoglou D. bin Mohd Yusoff A. R. Kymakis E. Coutsolelos A. G. Vasilopoulou M. Defect passivation in perovskite solar cells using an amino-functionalized BODIPY fluorophore. Sustainable Energy Fuels. 2022;6:2570–2580. doi: 10.1039/d2se00384h. doi: 10.1039/D2SE00384H. DOI

Ding C. Zhang Y. Liu F. Kitabatake Y. Hayase S. Toyoda T. Yoshino K. Minemoto T. Katayama K. Shen Q. Effect of the conduction band offset on interfacial recombination behavior of the planar perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy. 2018;53:17–26. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.08.031. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.08.031. DOI

Zhao Q. Fang C. Tie F. Luo W. Peng Y. Huang F. Ku Z. Cheng Y.-B. Regulating the Ni3+/Ni2+ ratio of NiOx by plasma treatment for fully vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 2022;148:106839. doi: 10.1016/j.mssp.2022.106839. doi: 10.1016/j.mssp.2022.106839. DOI

Kapil G. Ripolles T. S. Hamada K. Ogomi Y. Bessho T. Kinoshita T. Chantana J. Yoshino K. Shen Q. Toyoda T. Minemoto T. Murakami T. N. Segawa H. Hayase S. Highly Efficient 17.6% Tin–Lead Mixed Perovskite Solar Cells Realized through Spike Structure. Nano Lett. 2018;18:3600–3607. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00701. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00701. PubMed DOI

Sahamir S. R. Kamarudin M. A. Ripolles T. S. Baranwal A. K. Kapil G. Shen Q. Segawa H. Bisquert J. Hayase S. Enhancing the Electronic Properties and Stability of High-Efficiency Tin–Lead Mixed Halide Perovskite Solar Cells via Doping Engineering. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2022;13:3130–3137. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00699. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00699. PubMed DOI

Hu H. Moghadamzadeh S. Azmi R. Li Y. Kaiser M. Fischer J. C. Jin Q. Maibach J. Hossain I. M. Paetzold U. W. Abdollahi Nejand B. Sn-Pb Mixed Perovskites with Fullerene-Derivative Interlayers for Efficient Four-Terminal All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022;32:2107650. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202107650. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202107650. DOI

Baig F. Khattak Y. H. Marí B. Beg S. Gillani S. R. Ahmed A. Mitigation of interface recombination by careful selection of ETL for efficiency enhancement of MASnI3 solar cell. Optik. 2018;170:463–474. doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.05.135. doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.05.135. DOI

Bansal S. and Aryal P., Evaluation of new materials for electron and hole transport layers in perovskite-based solar cells through SCAPS-1D simulations, in 2016 IEEE 43rd Photovolt. Spec. Conf., IEEE, 2016, pp. 0747–0750. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2016.7749702 DOI

Minemoto T. Murata M. Theoretical analysis on effect of band offsets in perovskite solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 2015;133:8–14. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2014.10.036. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2014.10.036. DOI

Baloch A. A. B. Aly S. P. Hossain M. I. El-Mellouhi F. Tabet N. Alharbi F. H. Full space device optimization for solar cells. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:11984. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12158-0. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12158-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Friedl J. D. Ahangharnejhad R. H. Phillips A. B. Heben M. J. Materials requirements for improving the electron transport layer/perovskite interface of perovskite solar cells determined via numerical modeling. MRS Adv. 2020;5:2603–2610. doi: 10.1557/adv.2020.319. doi: 10.1557/adv.2020.319. DOI

Sun K. Yan C. Liu F. Huang J. Zhou F. Stride J. A. Green M. Hao X. Over 9% Efficient Kesterite Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 Solar Cell Fabricated by Using Zn 1– x Cd x S Buffer Layer. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016;6:1600046. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201600046. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201600046. DOI

Courel M. Andrade-Arvizu J. A. Vigil-Galán O. Towards a CdS/Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 solar cell efficiency improvement: a theoretical approach. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014;105:233501. doi: 10.1063/1.4903826. doi: 10.1063/1.4903826. DOI

Minemoto T. Hashimoto Y. Shams-Kolahi W. Satoh T. Negami T. Takakura H. Hamakawa Y. Control of conduction band offset in wide-gap Cu(In,Ga)Se solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 2003;75:121–126. doi: 10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00120-4. doi: 10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00120-4. DOI