Asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (AD) are interrelated clinical phenotypes that partly overlap in the human interactome. The concept of "one-airway-one-disease," coined over 20 years ago, is a simplistic approach of the links between upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases. With new data, it is time to reassess the concept. This article reviews (i) the clinical observations that led to Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA), (ii) new insights into polysensitization and multimorbidity, (iii) advances in mHealth for novel phenotype definitions, (iv) confirmation in canonical epidemiologic studies, (v) genomic findings, (vi) treatment approaches, and (vii) novel concepts on the onset of rhinitis and multimorbidity. One recent concept, bringing together upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases with skin, gut, and neuropsychiatric multimorbidities, is the "Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis." This review determined that the "one-airway-one-disease" concept does not always hold true and that several phenotypes of disease can be defined. These phenotypes include an extreme "allergic" (asthma) phenotype combining asthma, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. Rhinitis alone and rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity represent two distinct diseases with the following differences: (i) genomic and transcriptomic background (Toll-Like Receptors and IL-17 for rhinitis alone as a local disease; IL-33 and IL-5 for allergic and non-allergic multimorbidity as a systemic disease), (ii) allergen sensitization patterns (mono- or pauci-sensitization versus polysensitization), (iii) severity of symptoms, and (iv) treatment response. In conclusion, rhinitis alone (local disease) and rhinitis with asthma multimorbidity (systemic disease) should be considered as two distinct diseases, possibly modulated by the microbiome, and may be a model for understanding the epidemics of chronic and autoimmune diseases.

Agency of Health ASL Salerno Italy

ALL MED Medical Research Institute Wroclaw Poland

Allergist Montevideo Uruguay

Allergology and Immunology Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP Berlin Germany

Allergy and Asthma Associates of Southern California A Medical Group Southern California Research Mission Viejo California USA

Allergy and Asthma Clinica SISUL FACAAI SPAAI Asuncion Paraguay

Allergy and Clinical Immunology National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK

Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit Mauriziano Hospital Torino Italy

Allergy and Immunology Centre Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Allergy and Immunology Laboratory Metropolitan University Simon Bolivar University Barranquilla Colombia

Allergy and Respiratory Diseases IRCCS Policlinico San Martino University of Genoa Genoa Italy

Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology Alfred Health and Department of Immunology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia

Allergy Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Rome Italy

Allergy Center CUF Descobertas Hospital Lisbon Portugal

Allergy Department 2nd Pediatric Clinic University of Athens Athens Greece

Allergy Division Chest Disease Department University Hospital of Strasbourg Strasbourg France

Allergy Section Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Spain

Allergy Service Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Autonoma University of Madrid CIBERES ISCIII Madrid Spain

Allergy Unit D Kalogeromitros 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Attikon University Hospital Athens Greece

Allergy Unit Department of Dermatology University Hospital of Zurich Zürich Switzerland

Allergy Unit Málaga Regional University Hospital of Málaga Malaga University ARADyAL Malaga Spain

AM Data Mining Barcelona Spain

ARADyAL Research Network Barcelona Spain

Argentine Society of Allergy and Immunopathology Buenos Aires Argentina

ARIA Montpellier France

Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA

Asthma Reference Center School of Medicine of Santa Casa de Misericórdia of Vitória Espírito Santo Brazil

Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany

Biology of Reproduction department INSERM 1203 University hospital Montpellier France

Center for Rhinology and Allergology Wiesbaden Germany

Center of Allergy and Immunology David Tvildiani Medical University Tbilisi Georgia

Center of Allergy Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Santa Fe Argentina

Center of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy Médica Sur Clinical Foundation and Hospital México City Mexico

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Centro Médico Teknon Barcelona Spain

Chiba Rosai Hospital Chiba Japan

Chiba University Hospital Chiba Japan

Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland

CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública Barcelona Spain

Clinic of Children's Diseases Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Clinic of Occupational Diseases University Hospital Sveti Ivan Rilski Sofia Bulgaria

Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy IDIBAPS CIBERES University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Clinical and Experimental Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Southampton UK

Clinique des Bronches Allergie et Sommeil Hôpital Nord Marseille France

Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

College of Allopathic Medicine Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale Florida USA

Croatian Pulmonary Society Zagreb Croatia

David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre Isle of Wight UK

David Tatishvili Medical Center; David Tvildiani Medical University AIETI Medical School Tbilisi Georgia

Department of Allergology Medical University of Gdańsk Gdansk Poland

Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon South Korea

Department of Allergy and Immunology Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia Bilbao Spain

Department of Allergy Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest Bucharest Romania

Department of Allergy Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research Madrid Spain

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain

Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University Pieve Emanuele Milan Italy

Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome Italy

Department of Chest Medicine Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur Belgium

Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy Oncology Institute of St Elisabeth Bratislava Slovakia

Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden

Department of Clinical Immunology Wrocław Medical University Wroclaw Poland

Department of Clinical Medicine Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology University of Turku Turku Finland

Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Department of Comparative Medicine Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Medical University and University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein School of Medicine Technical University of Munich Munich Germany

Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark

Department of Dermatology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria

Department of Dermatology University of Helsinki and Hospital for Skin and Allergic Diseases Helsinki Finland

Department of ENT Badr al Samaa Hospital Salalah Sultanate of Oman

Department of Family Medicine Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland

Department of General ORL H and NS Medical University of Graz ENT University Hospital Graz Graz Austria

Department of Geriatrics Montpellier University Hospital MUSE Montpellier France

Department of Health Research Methods Evidence and Impact and Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada

Department of Immunoallergology Cova da Beira University Hospital Centre Covilhã Portugal

Department of Immunology and Allergology Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Pilsen Charles University Prague Pilsen Czech Republic

Department of Infection and Immunity Luxembourg Institute of Health Esch sur Alzette Luxembourg

Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases St Joseph University Hotel Dieu de France Hospital Beirut Lebanon

Department of Lung Diseases and Clinical Allergology University of Turku Turku Finland

Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology University Hospital Duilio Casula University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy

Department of Medical Sciences University of Torino Torino Italy

Department of Medicine Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Showa University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan

Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Malta Msida Malta

Department of Neurological ENT and Thoracic Sciences Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Beijing TongRen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology Beijing China

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Eye and Ear University Hospital Beirut Lebanon

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Universitätsmedizin Mainz Mainz Germany

Department of Otolaryngology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan

Department of Otolaryngology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Amsterdam University Medical Centres Amsterdam the Netherlands

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kelantan Malaysia

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Dar Al Shifa Hospital Salmiya Kuwait

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital of Crete Heraklion Crete Greece

Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine Immunology and Critical Care Medicine Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany

Department of Paediatrics Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway

Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology GRIAC Research Institute University Medical Center Groningen Beatrix Children's Hospital University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands

Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases and Allergology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Department of Pediatrics Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest Romania

Department of Pediatrics Federal University of Parana Curitiba Brazil

Department of Pediatrics Medical School Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil

Department of Pediatrics Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan

Department of Pneumology Medical University of Gdańsk Gdansk Poland

Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards Allergology and Immunology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Department of Public Health and Health Products Paris Descartes University Sorbonne Paris Cité EA 4064 Paris France

Department of Pulmonary Diseases Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine Manisa Turkey

Department of Pulmonary Diseases Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Istanbul Turkey

Department of Pulmonary Medicine CHU Liège Liège Belgium

Department of Pulmonary Medicine Mainz University Hospital Mainz Germany

Department of Pulmonary Medicine Rashid Hospital Dubai UAE

Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation Medical University of Bialystok Bialystock Poland

Department of Respiratory Diseases Larrey Hospital Toulouse University Hospital Toulouse France

Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis University Hospital Brno Czech Republic

Department of Respiratory Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre Copenhagen Denmark

Department of Respiratory Medicine National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh

Division of Adult and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology University of the Philippines Philippines General Hospital Manila Philippines

Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Medicine Santa Maria della Speranza Hospital Battipaglia Salerno Italy

Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Dermatology Allergy and Venerology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio USA

Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Pediatrics Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University Faculty of Medicine Bangkok Thailand

Division of Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology Emek Medical Center Afula Israel

Division of Allergy Asthma and Immunology Clinics Hospital San Lorenzo Paraguay

Division of Allergy Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Department of Pediatrics Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

Division of Allergy Immunology and Transplantation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIH Bethesda Maryland USA

Division of Allergy Immunology University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA

Division of Asthma Allergy and Lung Biology MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma King's College London London UK

Division of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology Department of Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio USA

Division of Immunology and Allergy Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden

Division of Immunopathology Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Division of Internal Medicine Asthma and Allergy Barlicki University Hospital Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland

Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA

Division of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Hospital 'A Cardarelli' University of Naples Federico 2 Naples Italy

Division of Respiratory Medicine Department of Pediatrics Hospital Nacional de Niños Universidad de Costa Rica San Jose Costa Rica

Division Paediatric Allergology University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Dr Agostinho Neto University hospital Praia Cape Verde

Ecole Polytechnique de Palaiseau Palaiseau France

EDEGO Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland

ENT Department Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic Hospital Clínic Barcelona Spain

ENT Department University Hospital of Kinshasa Kinshasa Congo

Faculty of Health Sciences and CICS UBI Health Sciences Research Centre University of Beira Interior Covilhã Portugal

Faculty of Medicine Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo Mozambique

Faculty of Medicine Transylvania University of Brasov Brasov Romania

Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Faculty of Public Health Medical University Sofia Sofia Bulgaria

Federation of Translational Medicine University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France

FILHA Finnish Lung Health Association Helsinki Finland

French Environment and Energy Management Agency Angers France

Fundaçao ProAR Federal University of Bahia and GARD WHO Planning Group Salvador Bahia Brazil

German Center of Lung Research Munich Germany

GIGA I3 Research Group University of Liège Liège Belgium

Global Allergy and Airways Patient Platform GAAPP Vienna Austria

Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark

Harvard Medical School and Channing Division of Network Medicine Boston USA

Health Planning Unit Department of Social Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Crete Heraklion Greece

Health Research Network Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Hospital San Luca Oaxaca Mexico

Hungarian Allergy Association Budapest Hungary

IMIM Barcelona Spain

Immunology and Allergy Division Clinical Hospital University of Chile Santiago Chile

Immunology Faculty of Medicine Cabo Verde University Praia Cape Verde

Imperial College and National Heart and Lung Institute London UK

Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital London UK

Imunoalergologia Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Inserm Equipe d'Epidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative CESP Villejuif France

INSERM Université Grenoble Alpes IAB U 1209 Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble France

Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain

Institute for Advanced Biosciences UGA INSERM U1209 CNRS UMR5309 Site Santé La Tronche France

Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry University of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg Germany

Institute for Immunological Research University of Cartagena Campus de Zaragocilla Edificio Biblioteca Primer piso Cartagena Colombia

Institute of Allergology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany

Institute of Biomedical Sciences Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences Vilnius Lithuania

Institute of Clinical Medicine Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology Faculty of Medicine Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Institute of Environmental medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Institute of Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany

Institute of Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Institute of Lung Health NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Department of Respiratory and Infection Sciences University of Leicester Leicester UK

Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council Bari Italy

Institute of Social Medicine Epidemiology and Health Economics Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Institute of Translational Pharmacology National Research Council Palermo Italy

International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG Aberdeen Scotland

International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG Aberdeen UK

IRBA Brétigny sur Orge France

IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy

ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health Barcelona Spain

Japan Anti Tuberculosis Association Fukujuji Hospital Tokyo Japan

Kazakhstan Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology of the Kazakh National Medical University Almaty Kazakhstan

Lebanese American University Clemenceau Medical Center DHCC Dubai UAE

Ludwig Maximilians University Munich University Hospital Munich Instituteand Outpatient Clinic for Occupational Social and Environmental Medicine Munich Germany

Makerere University Lung Institute Kampala Uganda

MASK air Montpellier France

MEDCIDS Department of Community Medicine Information and Health Decision Sciences; Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Medical Consulting Czarlewski Levallois France

Medical Faculty ENT Department Eskisehir Osmangazi University Eskisehir Turkey

Medical Faculty of Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Medical Faculty Skopje University Clinic of Pulmonology and Allergy Skopje Republic of Macedonia

Medical Faculty University JJ Strossmayer of Osijek Osijek Croatia

Medical School University of Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus

Microbiology Department College of Medicine Kuwait University Kuwait City Kuwait

Mongolian Association of Hospital Managers Ulaanbaatar Mongolia

National Center for Research in Chronic Respiratory Diseases Tishreen University School of Medicine Latakia Syria

National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK

National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London UK

National Institute of Pneumology M Nasta Bucharest Romania

NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre London UK

NOVA Medical School Comprehensive Health Research Centre Lisbon Portugal

Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis « ORCA » Odense Denmark

OncoGen Center County Clinical Emergency Hospital Pius Branzeu and University of Medicine and Pharmacy 5 Babes Timisoara Romania

Paris Municipal Department of Social Action Childhood and Health Paris France

Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit Hacettepe University School of Medicine Ankara Turkey

Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Hospital Espanol de Mexico Mexico City Mexico

Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology Unit Children's Hospital Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt

Pediatric Pulmonology Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Pediatrics Department Universidad Austral de Chile Valvidia Chile

Personalized medicine Asthma and Allergy IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital Rozzano Milan Italy

Personalized medicine Asthma and Allergy Rozzano IRCCS Humanitas Research Center Milan Italy

Pharmaceutical Care Unit Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium

Pirkanmaa Welfare district Tampere Finland

Pneumologie AP HP Centre Université de Paris Cité Hôpital Cochin Paris France

Pneumology Unit Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Poltava State Medical University Poltava Ukraine

Portuguese National Programme for Respiratory Diseases Direção Geral da Saúde Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa Instituto de Saúde Ambiental Lisbon Portugal

Postgraduate Programme in Allergy and Clinical Immunology University of Naples Federico 2 Naples Italy

PROMISE Department University of Palermo Palermo Italy

Pulmonary Division Heart Institute Hospital da Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil

Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology Pisa Italy

Quality Use of Respiratory Medicines Group Woolcock Institute of Medical Research Sydney NSW Australia

Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Laval University Quebec City Quebec Canada

Research on Healthcare Performance INSERM U1290 Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 Lyon France

Respiralab Research Group Guayaquil Guayas Ecuador

Respiratory Clinic Department of Internal Medicine University of Genoa Genoa Italy

Sach´s Children and Youth Hospital Södersjukhuset Stockholm Sweden

School of Health Sciences Catholic University of Salta Salta Argentina

School of Medicine Department of Chest Diseases Immunology and Allergy Division Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey

School of Medicine Life and Health Sciences Research Institute University of Minho Braga Portugal

School of Medicine University CEU San Pablo Madrid Spain

Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine Medical Research Institute Ninewells Hospital University of Dundee Dundee UK

Sean N Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA

Section of Allergy and Immunology Saint Louis University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA

Section of Rhinology and Allergy Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital Marburg Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany

Service de Pneumo Allergologie Centre Hospitalo Universitaire de Béni Messous Algiers Algeria

Servicio de Alergia Consultorios Médicos Privados Buenos Aires Argentina

Servicio de Alergia e Immunologia Clinica Santa Isabel Buenos Aires Argentina

Serviço de Imunoalergologia Hospital de Dona Estefânia Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central Lisbon Portugal

Skin and Allergy Hospital Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

SLaai Sociedad Latinoamericana de Allergia Asma e Immunologia Barranquilla Columbia

SMAIC Société Marocaine d' Allergologie et Immunologie Clinique Rabat Morocco

Sorbonne université Hôpital américain de Paris Neuilly France

SOS Allergology and Clinical Immunology USL Toscana Centro Prato Italy

Srebrnjak Children's Hospital Zagreb Croatia

State Institute of Health Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority Erlangen Germany

Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland

Sydney Local Health District Sydney NSW Australia

Sydney Pharmacy School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia

Syrian Private University Damascus Syria

Tartu University Institute of Clinical Medicine Children's Clinic Tartu Estonia

The Allergy and Asthma Institute Islamabad Pakistan

The Capital Institute of Pediatrics Chaoyang district Beijing China

The Hospital for Sick Children Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Canada

The Hospital for Sick Children Department of Paediatrics Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy Food allergy and Anaphylaxis Program The University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada

UBIAir Clinical and Experimental Lung Centre and CICS UBI Health Sciences Research Centre University of Beira Interior Covilhã Portugal

UCIBIO REQUINTE Faculty of Pharmacy and Competence Center on Active and Healthy Ageing of University of Porto Porto Portugal

UMR 1016 Institut Cochin Paris France

Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology University of Bari Medical School Bari Italy

Universidad Católica de Córdoba Universidad Nacional de Villa Maria Villa Maria Argentina

Universidad Espíritu Santo Samborondón Ecuador

Universidade Federal dos Pampa Uruguaiana Brazil

Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain

Université Catholique de Louvain Yvoir Belgium

Université Paris Cité Paris France

Université Paris Saclay UVSQ UnivParis Sud Villejuif France

University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik Slovenia

University Hospital Montpellier Montpellier France

University of Central Lancashire Medical School Preston UK

University of Exeter Medical School College of Medicine and Health University of Exeter Exeter Devon UK

University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hochiminh City Vietnam

University of Southampton Southampton UK

Usher Institute The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

VIM Suresnes UMR 0892 Pôle des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires Hôpital Foch Université Paris Saclay Suresnes France

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