This paper presents a low-frequency shadow sinusoidal oscillator using a bulk-driven multiple-input operational transconductance amplifier (MI-OTA) with extremely low-voltage supply and nano-power consumption. The proposed oscillator is composed using two-input single-output biquad filter and amplifiers. The condition and the frequency of oscillation of the shadow oscillator can be controlled electronically and independently using amplifiers. The circuit is designed in Cadence program using 0.18 µm CMOS technology from TSMC. The voltage supply is 0.5 V and the power consumption of the oscillator is 54 nW. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output signals is around 0.3% for 202 Hz. The simulation results are in accordance with theory.

Department of Electrical Engineering Brno University of Defence Kounicova 65 662 10 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Electrical Engineering Czestochowa University of Technology 42 201 Czestochowa Poland

Department of Microelectronics Brno University of Technology Technická 10 601 90 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Telecommunications Engineering School of Engineering King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Bangkok 10520 Thailand

Faculty of Biomedical Engineering Czech Technical University Prague Nám Sítná 3105 166 36 Kladno Czech Republic

Integrated Circuits Design Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran P O Box 15875 4413 Iran

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Lakys Y., Fabre A. Shadow filters: New family of second-order filters. Electron. Lett. 2010;46:276–277. doi: 10.1049/el.2010.3249. DOI

Biolkova V., Biolek D. Shadow filters for orthogonal modification of characteristic frequency and bandwidth. Electron. Lett. 2010;46:830–831. doi: 10.1049/el.2010.0717. DOI

Abuelma’Atti M.T., Almutairi N.R. New current-feedack operational-amplifier based shadow filters. Analog. Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 2016;86:471–480. doi: 10.1007/s10470-016-0691-7. DOI

Alaybeyoğlu E., Kuntman H. A new frequency agile filter structure employing CDTA for positioning systems and secure communications. Analog. Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 2016;89:693–703. doi: 10.1007/s10470-016-0770-9. DOI

Singh D., Paul S.K. Realization of current mode universal shadow filter. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. 2020;117:153088. doi: 10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153088. DOI

Nand D., Pandey N. New Configuration for OFCC-Based CM SIMO Filter and its Application as Shadow Filter. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 2018;43:3011–3022. doi: 10.1007/s13369-017-3058-1. DOI

Khateb F., Jaikla W., Kulej T., Kumngern M., Kubánek D. Shadow filters based on DDCC. IET Circuits Devices Syst. 2017;11:631–637. doi: 10.1049/iet-cds.2016.0522. DOI

Huaihongthong P., Chaichana A., Suwanjan P., Siripongdee S., Sunthonkanokpong W., Supavarasuwat P., Jaikla W., Khateb F. Single-input multiple-output voltage-mode shadow filter based on VDDDAs. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. 2019;103:13–23. doi: 10.1016/j.aeue.2019.02.013. DOI

Buakaew S., Narksarp W., Wongtaychatham C. Shadow bandpass filter with Q-improvement; Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Engineering, Applied Sciences and Technology (ICEAST); Luang Prabang, Laos. 2–5 July 2019; pp. 1–4. DOI

Buakaew S., Narksarp W., Wongtaychatham C. High quality-factor shadow bandpass filters with orthogonality to the characteristic frequency; Proceedings of the 2020 17th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Infor-mation Technology (ECTI-CON); Phuket, Thailand. 24–27 June 2020; pp. 372–375. DOI

Buakaew S., Wongtaychatham C. Boosting the quality factor of the shadow bandpass filter. J. Circuits Syst. Comput. 2022;31:2250248. doi: 10.1142/S0218126622502486. DOI

Lathi B.P. Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems. Oxford University Press; New York, NY, USA: 1998.

Dobkin B., Williams J. Analog Circuit Design. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2013.

Jaikla W., Adhan S., Suwanjan P., Kumngern M. Current/Voltage Controlled Quadrature Sinusoidal Oscillators for Phase Sensitive Detection Using Commercially Available IC. Sensors. 2020;20:1319. doi: 10.3390/s20051319. PubMed DOI PMC

Horng J.-W. A sinusoidal oscillator using current-controlled current-conveyors. Int. J. Electron. 2001;88:659–664. doi: 10.1080/00207210110044369. DOI

Bhaskar D.R., Senani R., Singh A.K. Linear sinusoidal VCOs: Newconfigurations using current feedback op-amps. Int. J. Electron. 2010;97:263–272. doi: 10.1080/00207210903286173. DOI

Biolek D., Lahiri A., Jaikla W., Siripruchyanun M., Bajer J. Realization of electronically tunable voltage-mode/current-mode quadrature sinusoidal oscillator using ZC-CG-CDBA. Microelectron. J. 2011;42:1116–1123. doi: 10.1016/j.mejo.2011.07.004. DOI

Borah S.S., Singh A., Ghosh M., Ranjan A. Electronically tunable higher-order quadrature oscillator employing CDBA. Microelectron.J. 2021;108:104985. doi: 10.1016/j.mejo.2020.104985. DOI

Herencsar N., Lahiri A., Vrba K., Koton J. An electronically tunable current-mode quadrature oscillator using PCAs. Int. J. Electron. 2012;99:609–621. doi: 10.1080/00207217.2011.643489. DOI

Sotner R., Hrubos Z., Herencsar N., Jerabek J., Dostal T., Vrba K., Sotner R., Hrubos Z., Herencsar N., Jerabek J., et al. Precise electronically adjustable oscillator suitable for quadrature signal generation employing active elements with current and voltage gain control. Circuits, Syst. Signal Process. 2013;33:1–35. doi: 10.1007/s00034-013-9623-2. DOI

Herencsar N., Minaei S., Koton J., Yuce E., Vrba K. New resistorless and electronically tunable realization of dual-output VM all-pass filter using VDIBA. Analog. Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 2012;74:141–154. doi: 10.1007/s10470-012-9936-2. DOI

Abuelma’Atti M.T., Almutairi N. A novel shadow sinusoidal oscillator. Int. J. Electron. Lett. 2016;5:291–302. doi: 10.1080/21681724.2016.1209569. DOI

Buakaew S., Atiwongsangthong N. Adjustable quadrature shadow sinusoidal oscillator; Proceedings of the 2022 8th International Conference on Engineering, Applied Sciences, and Technology (ICEAST); Chiang Mai, Thailand, . 8–10 June 2022; pp. 42–45. DOI

Rubio F.J., Dominguez M.A., Perez-Aloe R., Carrillo J.M. Current-mode electronically-tunable sinusoidal oscillator based on a shadow bandpass filter; Proceedings of the 2022 18th International Conference on Synthesis, Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Methods and Applications to Circuit Design (SMACD); Villasimius, Italy. 12–15 June 2022; pp. 1–4. DOI

Veeravalli A., Sanchez-Sinencio E., Silva-Martinez J. A CMOS Transconductance Amplifier Architecture with Wide Tuning Range for Very Low Frequency Applications. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits. 2002;37:776–781. doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2002.1004583. DOI

Wang M., Saavedra C.E. Very low frequency tunable signal generator for neural and cardiac cell stimulation. Int. J. Electron. 2011;98:1215–1227. doi: 10.1080/00207217.2011.593137. DOI

Miyazaki T., Lim S.T., Minamitake C., Takeishi T. Ultralow-frequency oscillator with switched capacitors. Electron. Commun. Jpn. 1992;75:98–106. doi: 10.1002/ecjb.4420750410. DOI

Elwakil A.S. Systematic realization of low-frequency oscillators using composite passive–active resistors. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 1998;47:584–586. doi: 10.1109/19.744209. DOI

Senani R., Bhaskar D. Single Op-Amp Sinusoidal Oscillators Suitable for Generation of Very Low Frequencies. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 1991;40:777–779. doi: 10.1109/19.85353. DOI

Khateb F., Kulej T., Akbari M., Kumngern M. 0.5-V High Linear and Wide Tunable OTA for Biomedical Applications. IEEE Access. 2021;9:103784–103794. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3098183. DOI

Khateb F., Kulej T., Kumngern M., Psychalinos C. Multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor for low-voltage low-frequency applications. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 2018;38:2829–2845. doi: 10.1007/s00034-018-0999-x. DOI

Khateb F., Kulej T., Akbari M., Tang K.-T. A 0.5-V multiple-input bulk-driven OTA in 0.18-μm CMOS. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst. 2022;30:1739–1747. doi: 10.1109/TVLSI.2022.3203148. DOI

Parvizi M. Design of a new low power MISO multi-mode universal biquad OTA–C filter. Int. J. Electron. 2018;106:440–454. doi: 10.1080/00207217.2018.1540064. DOI

Aggarwal B., Gupta A. QFGMOS and FGMOS based low-voltage high performance MI-OTA. Int. J. Inf. Technol. 2020;13:415–422. doi: 10.1007/s41870-020-00541-6. DOI

Khateb F., Prommee P., Kulej T. MIOTA-based Filters for Noise and Motion Artifact Reductions in Biosignal Acquisition. IEEE Access. 2022;10:14325–14338. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3147665. DOI

Kumngern M., Aupithak N., Khateb F., Kulej T. 0.5V Fifth-Order Butterworth Low-Pass Filter Using Multiple-Input OTA for ECG Applications. Sensors. 2020;20:7343. doi: 10.3390/s20247343. PubMed DOI PMC

Prommee P., Karawanich K., Khateb F., Kulej T. Voltage-Mode Elliptic Band-Pass Filter Based on Multiple-Input Transconductor. IEEE Access. 2021;9:32582–32590. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3060939. DOI

Veeravalli A., Sánchez-Sinencio E., Silva-Martínez J. Transconductance amplifier structures with very small transconductances: A comparative design approach. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits. 2002;37:770–775. doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2002.1004582. DOI

Colletta G.D., Ferreira L.H.C., Pimenta T.C. A 0.25-V 22-nS symmetrical bulk-driven OTA for low frequency Gm-C applications in 130-nm digital CMOS process. Analog. Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 2014;81:377–383. doi: 10.1007/s10470-014-0385-y. DOI

Cotrim E.D., Ferreira L.H.C. An ultra-low-power CMOS symmetrical OTA for low-frequency Gm-C applications. Analog Integr. Circ. Signal Process. 2012;71:275–282.

Wang S.-F., Chen H.-P., Ku Y., Lee C.-L. Versatile Voltage-Mode Biquadratic Filter and Quadrature Oscillator Using Four OTAs and Two Grounded Capacitors. Electronics. 2020;9:1493. doi: 10.3390/electronics9091493. DOI

Wang S.-F., Chen H.-P., Ku Y., Lin Y.-C. Versatile Tunable Voltage-Mode Biquadratic Filter and Its Application in Quadrature Oscillator. Sensors. 2019;19:2349. doi: 10.3390/s19102349. PubMed DOI PMC

0.5-V 281-nW Versatile Mixed-Mode Filter Using Multiple-Input/Output Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifiers