Protected Areas (PAs) are the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation. Here, we collated distributional data for >14,000 (~70% of) species of amphibians and reptiles (herpetofauna) to perform a global assessment of the conservation effectiveness of PAs using species distribution models. Our analyses reveal that >91% of herpetofauna species are currently distributed in PAs, and that this proportion will remain unaltered under future climate change. Indeed, loss of species' distributional ranges will be lower inside PAs than outside them. Therefore, the proportion of effectively protected species is predicted to increase. However, over 7.8% of species currently occur outside PAs, and large spatial conservation gaps remain, mainly across tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, and across non-high-income countries. We also predict that more than 300 amphibian and 500 reptile species may go extinct under climate change over the course of the ongoing century. Our study highlights the importance of PAs in providing herpetofauna with refuge from climate change, and suggests ways to optimize PAs to better conserve biodiversity worldwide.

Allwetterzoo Münster Germany

Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China

Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship Villanova University Villanova PA USA

Department of Biology La Sierra University Riverside CA USA

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA

Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran

Department of Zoology Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia

Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Zoology National Museum Prague Prague Czech Republic

Department of Zoology Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Educational and Scientific Center Institute of Biology and Medicine Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv Kyiv Ukraine

Grupo Herpetología Patagónica Puerto Madryn Argentina

Independent researcher Berlin Germany

Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Sarawak Malaysia

Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Laboratory of Zoology University of Yaoundé Yaoundé Cameroon

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Müggelseedamm Berlin Germany

Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben Gurion University of the Negev Midreshet Ben Gurion Israel

Multipurpose Research Station Institute of Agricultural Research for development Bangangté Cameroon

Museo de Zoología Escuela de Biología Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Quito Ecuador

Museo de Zoología Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Quito Ecuador

National Museum of Kenya Herpetology Section Nairobi Kenya

Otago Regional Council Dunedin 9016 Aotearoa New Zealand

Pars Herpetologists Institute Corner of third Jahad alley Arash Str Jalal e Ale Ahmad Boulevard Tehran Iran

Princeton School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University Princeton USA

Royal Museum for Central Africa Tervuren Belgium

School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton VIC Australia

School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK

School of Ecology Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat sen University Shenzhen China

School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Clifton Campus Nottingham UK

School of Zoology and Steinhardt Museum of Natural History Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge UK

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Westlake University Hangzhou China

Zagros Herpetological Institute Somayyeh Avenue Qom Iran

Zhejiiang University Hangzhou China

Zoological Sciences Division Pakistan Museum of Natural History Garden Avenue Shakarparian Islamabad Pakistan

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