In the post-pandemic COVID-19 period, human activities have returned to normal and COVID-19 cases are usually mild. However, patients with multiple myeloma (MM) present an increased risk for breakthrough infections and severe COVID-19 outcomes, including hospitalization and death. The European Myeloma Network has provided an expert consensus to guide patient management in this era. Vaccination with variant-specific booster vaccines, such as the bivalent vaccine for the ancestral Wuhan strain and the Omicron BA.4/5 strains, is essential as novel strains emerge and become dominant in the community. Boosters should be administered every 6-12 months after the last vaccine shot or documented COVID-19 infection (hybrid immunity). Booster shots seem to overcome the negative effect of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies on humoral responses; however, anti-BCMA treatment remains an adverse predictive factor for humoral immune response. Evaluation of the immune response after vaccination may identify a particularly vulnerable subset of patients who may need additional boosters, prophylactic therapies and prevention measures. Pre-exposure prophylaxis with tixagevimab/cilgavimab is not effective against the new dominant variants and thus is no longer recommended. Oral antivirals (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir) and remdesivir are effective against Omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, BA.5, BQ.1.1 and/or XBB.1.5 and should be administered in MM patients at the time of a positive COVID-19 test or within 5 days post symptoms onset. Convalescent plasma seems to have low value in the post-pandemic era. Prevention measures during SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, including mask wearing and avoiding crowded places, seem prudent to continue for MM patients.

Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra CCUN Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer Pamplona Spain

CRUK Clinical Trials Unit Leeds Institute of Clinical Trial Research University of Leeds Leeds UK

Department of Clinical Therapeutics School of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece

Department of Hemato Oncology University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Hematology and Oncology Interdisciplinary Cancer Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg University of Freiburg Faculty of Freiburg Freiburg Germany

Department of Hematology Cancer Center Amsterdam Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Hematology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark

Department of Hematology Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Rotterdam the Netherlands

Department of Hematology University Hospital Hotel Dieu Nantes France

Department of Internal Medicine 2 University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany

Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology Cantonal Hospital St Gallen St Gallen Switzerland

Department of Oncology University Hospital Leuven Leuven Belgium

Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area Aldo Moro University School of Medicine Bari Italy

Division of Hematology University of Turin Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Turin Italy

Hematology Unit IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori Dino Amadori Meldola Italy

KG Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Oslo Myeloma Center Department of Hematology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway

Unit of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation AOUC Policlinico Bari Italy

Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute 1st Department of Medicine Center for Oncology Hematology and Palliative Care Clinic Ottakring Vienna Austria

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Blimark C, Holmberg E, Mellqvist UH, Landgren O, Bjorkholm M, Hultcrantz M, et al. Multiple myeloma and infections: a population-based study on 9253 multiple myeloma patients. Haematologica. 2015;100:107–13. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2014.107714. PubMed DOI PMC

Sorrig R, Klausen TW, Salomo M, Vangsted A, Gimsing P. Risk factors for infections in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients: a Danish retrospective nationwide cohort study. Eur J Haematol. 2019;102:182–90. doi: 10.1111/ejh.13190. PubMed DOI

Raje NS, Anaissie E, Kumar SK, Lonial S, Martin T, Gertz MA, et al. Consensus guidelines and recommendations for infection prevention in multiple myeloma: a report from the International Myeloma Working Group. Lancet Haematol. 2022;9:e143–61. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00283-0. PubMed DOI

Ho M, Zanwar S, Buadi FK, Ailawadhi S, Larsen J, Bergsagel L, et al. Risk factors for severe infection and mortality In patients with COVID-19 in patients with multiple myeloma and AL amyloidosis. Am J Hematol. 2023;98:49–55. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26762. PubMed DOI PMC

Chen M, Zhao Y, Xu C, Wang X, Zhang X, Mao B. Immunomodulatory drugs and the risk of serious infection in multiple myeloma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies. Ann Hematol. 2018;97:925–44. doi: 10.1007/s00277-018-3284-y. PubMed DOI

Basler M, Lauer C, Beck U, Groettrup M. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib enhances the susceptibility to viral infection. J Immunol. 2009;183:6145–50. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901596. PubMed DOI

Nahi H, Chrobok M, Gran C, Lund J, Gruber A, Gahrton G, et al. Infectious complications and NK cell depletion following daratumumab treatment of Multiple Myeloma. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0211927. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211927. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhou D, Wang Y, Cheng H, Zhu L, Chen W, Li H, et al. Factors associated with infection events after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. J Infect Chemother. 2023;29:179–85. PubMed

Ludwig H, Boccadoro M, Moreau P, San-Miguel J, Cavo M, Pawlyn C, et al. Recommendations for vaccination in multiple myeloma: a consensus of the European Myeloma Network. Leukemia. 2021;35:31–44. doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-01016-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Terpos E, Engelhardt M, Cook G, Gay F, Mateos MV, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, et al. Management of patients with multiple myeloma in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: a consensus paper from the European Myeloma Network (EMN) Leukemia. 2020;34:2000–11. doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-0876-z. PubMed DOI PMC

Martinez-Lopez J, Hernandez-Ibarburu G, Alonso R, Sanchez-Pina JM, Zamanillo I, Lopez-Munoz N, et al. Impact of COVID-19 in patients with multiple myeloma based on a global data network. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11:198. doi: 10.1038/s41408-021-00588-z. PubMed DOI PMC

Pagano L, Salmanton-Garcia J, Marchesi F, Busca A, Corradini P, Hoenigl M, et al. COVID-19 infection in adult patients with hematological malignancies: a European Hematology Association Survey (EPICOVIDEHA) J Hematol Oncol. 2021;14:168. doi: 10.1186/s13045-021-01177-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Song Q, Bates B, Shao YR, Hsu FC, Liu F, Madhira V, et al. Risk and outcome of breakthrough COVID-19 infections in vaccinated patients with cancer: real-world evidence from the national COVID cohort collaborative. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:1414–27. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.02419. PubMed DOI PMC

Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N. Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708–20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. PubMed DOI PMC

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PubMed DOI PMC

Yousif E, Premraj S. A review of long COVID with a special focus on its cardiovascular manifestations. Cureus. 2022;14:e31933. PubMed PMC

Patel UK, Mehta N, Patel A, Patel N, Ortiz JF, Khurana M, et al. Long-term neurological sequelae among severe COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2022;14:e29694. PubMed PMC

Korompoki E, Gavriatopoulou M, Hicklen RS, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Kastritis E, Fotiou D, et al. Epidemiology and organ specific sequelae of post-acute COVID19: a narrative review. J Infect. 2021;83:1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.05.004. PubMed DOI PMC

Korompoki E, Gavriatopoulou M, Fotiou D, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E. Late-onset hematological complications post COVID-19: an emerging medical problem for the hematologist. Am J Hematol. 2022;97:119–28. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26384. PubMed DOI PMC

Vijenthira A, Gong IY, Fox TA, Booth S, Cook G, Fattizzo B, et al. Outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 3377 patients. Blood. 2020;136:2881–92. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020008824. PubMed DOI PMC

Passamonti F, Cattaneo C, Arcaini L, Bruna R, Cavo M, Merli F, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with haematological malignancies in Italy: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7:e737–45. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30251-9. PubMed DOI PMC

Kuderer NM, Choueiri TK, Shah DP, Shyr Y, Rubinstein SM, Rivera DR, et al. Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1907–18. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31187-9. PubMed DOI PMC

Lee LYW, Cazier JB, Starkey T, Briggs SEW, Arnold R, Bisht V, et al. COVID-19 prevalence and mortality in patients with cancer and the effect of primary tumour subtype and patient demographics: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:1309–16. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30442-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Dai M, Liu D, Liu M, Zhou F, Li G, Chen Z, et al. Patients with cancer appear more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2: a multicenter study during the COVID-19 outbreak. Cancer Disco. 2020;10:783–91. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0422. PubMed DOI PMC

Fernandez-Cruz A, Puyuelo A, Nunez Martin-Buitrago L, Sanchez-Chica E, Diaz-Pedroche C, Ayala R, et al. Higher mortality of hospitalized haematologic patients with COVID-19 compared to non-haematologic is driven by thrombotic complications and development of ARDS: an age-matched cohorts study. Clin Infect Pr. 2022;13:100137. doi: 10.1016/j.clinpr.2022.100137. PubMed DOI PMC

Girmenia C, Cavo M, Corso A, Di Raimondo F, Musto P, Offidani M, et al. Management of infectious risk of daratumumab therapy in multiple myeloma: a consensus-based position paper from an ad hoc Italian expert panel. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2022;172:103623. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103623. PubMed DOI

Cipkar C, Chen C, Trudel S. Antibodies and bispecifics for multiple myeloma: effective effector therapy. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2022;2022:163–72. doi: 10.1182/hematology.2022000334. PubMed DOI PMC

Sharma A, Bhatt NS, St Martin A, Abid MB, Bloomquist J, Chemaly RF, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation recipients: an observational cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8:e185–93. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30429-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Hansen DK, Sidana S, Peres LC, Colin Leitzinger C, Shune L, Shrewsbury A, et al. Idecabtagene vicleucel for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: real-world experience from the myeloma CAR T consortium. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41:2087–97. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.01365. PubMed DOI PMC

Rodriguez-Otero P, San-Miguel JF. Cellular therapy for multiple myeloma: what’s now and what’s next. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2022;2022:180–9. doi: 10.1182/hematology.2022000396. PubMed DOI PMC

Ludwig H, Sonneveld P, Facon T, San-Miguel J, Avet-Loiseau H, Mohty M, et al. COVID-19 vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma: a consensus of the European Myeloma Network. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8:e934–46. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00278-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Chuleerarux N, Manothummetha K, Moonla C, Sanguankeo A, Kates OS, Hirankarn N, et al. Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Adv. 2022;6:6198–207. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008530. PubMed DOI PMC

Gagelmann N, Passamonti F, Wolschke C, Massoud R, Niederwieser C, Adjalle R, et al. Antibody response after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in adults with hematological malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Haematologica. 2022;107:1840–9. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2021.280163. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang X, Sima L. Antibody response after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in adults with hematological malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2022;S0163-4453(22)00674-0. 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.11.013. PubMed PMC

Mittelman M, Magen O, Barda N, Dagan N, Oster HS, Leader A, et al. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with hematological neoplasms in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. Blood. 2022;139:1439–51. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021013768. PubMed DOI PMC

Goldwater MS, Stampfer SD, Sean Regidor B, Bujarski S, Jew S, Chen H, et al. Third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for patients with multiple myeloma. Clin Infect Pr. 2023;17:100214. doi: 10.1016/j.clinpr.2022.100214. PubMed DOI PMC

Haggenburg S, Hofsink Q, Lissenberg-Witte BI, Broers AEC, van Doesum JA, van Binnendijk RS, et al. Antibody response in immunocompromised patients with hematologic cancers who received a 3-dose mRNA-1273 vaccination schedule for COVID-19. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8:1477–83. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.3227. PubMed DOI PMC

Re D, Seitz-Polski B, Brglez V, Carles M, Graca D, Benzaken S, et al. Humoral and cellular responses after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with lymphoid malignancies. Nat Commun. 2022;13:864. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28578-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Terpos E, Gavriatopoulou M, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Briasoulis A, Gumeni S, Malandrakis P, et al. Booster BNT162b2 optimizes SARS-CoV-2 humoral response in patients with myeloma: the negative effect of anti-BCMA therapy. Blood. 2022;139:1409–12. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021014989. PubMed DOI PMC

Attolico I, Tarantini F, Carluccio P, Musto P. Serological response following anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients depends upon time from transplant, type of transplant and “booster” dose. Haematologica. 2022;107:1218. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2022.280619. PubMed DOI PMC

Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Karalis V, Gavriatopoulou M, Malandrakis P, Sklirou AD, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, et al. Second booster BNT162b2 restores SARS-CoV-2 humoral response in patients with multiple myeloma, excluding those under anti-BCMA therapy. Hemasphere. 2022;6:e764. doi: 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000764. PubMed DOI PMC

Salmanton-Garcia J, Marchesi F, Glenthoj A, Bilgin YM, van Praet J, Davila-Valls J, et al. Improved clinical outcome of COVID-19 in hematologic malignancy patients receiving a fourth dose of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: an EPICOVIDEHA report. Hemasphere. 2022;6:e789. doi: 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000789. PubMed DOI PMC

Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Mohammed AA, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Batiha GE. The potential link between Covid-19 and multiple myeloma: a new saga. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2022;10:e701. doi: 10.1002/iid3.701. PubMed DOI PMC

Oliva A, Curtolo A, Volpicelli L, Cancelli F, Borrazzo C, Cogliati Dezza F, et al. Clinical course of Coronavirus Disease-19 in patients with haematological malignancies is characterized by a longer time to respiratory deterioration compared to non-haematological ones: results from a case-control study. Infection. 2022;50:1373–82. doi: 10.1007/s15010-022-01869-w. PubMed DOI PMC

Zappasodi P, Cattaneo C, Valeria Ferretti V, Mina R, Jose Maria Ferreri A, Merli F, et al. Secondary infections worsen the outcome of COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancies: a report from the ITA-HEMA-COV. Hematol Oncol. 2022;40:846–56. doi: 10.1002/hon.3048. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang B, Van Oekelen O, Mouhieddine TH, Del Valle DM, Richter J, Cho HJ, et al. A tertiary center experience of multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19: lessons learned and the path forward. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13:94. doi: 10.1186/s13045-020-00934-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Hultcrantz M, Richter J, Rosenbaum CA, Patel D, Smith EL, Korde N, et al. COVID-19 infections and clinical outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma in New York City: a cohort study from five academic centers. Blood Cancer Disco. 2020;1:234–43. doi: 10.1158/2643-3230.BCD-20-0102. PubMed DOI PMC

Engelhardt M, Shoumariyeh K, Rosner A, Ihorst G, Biavasco F, Meckel K, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of multiple myeloma patients with concomitant COVID-19 at Comprehensive Cancer Centers in Germany. Haematologica. 2020;105:2872–8. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2020.262758. PubMed DOI PMC

Cook G, John Ashcroft A, Pratt G, Popat R, Ramasamy K, Kaiser M, et al. Real-world assessment of the clinical impact of symptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (COVID-19 disease) in patients with multiple myeloma receiving systemic anti-cancer therapy. Br J Haematol. 2020;190:e83–6. doi: 10.1111/bjh.16874. PubMed DOI PMC

Chari A, Samur MK, Martinez-Lopez J, Cook G, Biran N, Yong K, et al. Clinical features associated with COVID-19 outcome in multiple myeloma: first results from the International Myeloma Society data set. Blood. 2020;136:3033–40. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020008150. PubMed DOI PMC

Varnai C, Palles C, Arnold R, Curley HM, Purshouse K, Cheng VWT, et al. Mortality among adults with cancer undergoing chemotherapy or immunotherapy and infected with COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e220130. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0130. PubMed DOI PMC

Shoumariyeh K, Biavasco F, Ihorst G, Rieg S, Nieters A, Kern WV, et al. Covid-19 in patients with hematological and solid cancers at a Comprehensive Cancer Center in Germany. Cancer Med. 2020;9:8412–22. doi: 10.1002/cam4.3460. PubMed DOI PMC

Zou J, Kurhade C, Patel S, Kitchin N, Tompkins K, Cutler M, et al. Neutralization of BA.4-BA.5, BA.4.6, BA.2.75.2, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1 with Bivalent Vaccine. N Engl J Med. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:854–7. PubMed PMC

Musto P, Salmanton-García J, Sgherza N, et al. Multiple myeloma and SARS-CoV-2 infection: an European Hematology Association survey (EPICOVIDHA) of 1,221 patients through the different phase of COVID-19 pandemic. Fourth European Myeloma Network Meeting, Amsterdam, April 20-22 2023, abs. n. 067.

Blennow O, Salmanton-Garcia J, Nowak P, Itri F, Van Doesum J, Lopez-Garcia A, et al. Outcome of infection with omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant in patients with hematological malignancies: an EPICOVIDEHA survey report. Am J Hematol. 2022;97:E312–7. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26626. PubMed DOI PMC

Tregoning JS, Flight KE, Higham SL, Wang Z, Pierce BF. Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21:626–36. doi: 10.1038/s41577-021-00592-1. PubMed DOI PMC

McDonald I, Murray SM, Reynolds CJ, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis of reactogenicity, immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. NPJ Vaccines. 2021;6:74. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00336-1. PubMed DOI PMC

Chavda VP, Soni S, Vora LK, Soni S, Khadela A, Ajabiya J. mRNA-based vaccines and therapeutics for COVID-19 and future pandemics. Vaccines (Basel) 2022;10:2150. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10122150. PubMed DOI PMC

Gavriatopoulou M, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Korompoki E, Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with multiple myeloma. Hemasphere. 2021;5:e547. doi: 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000547. PubMed DOI PMC

Pratama NR, Wafa IA, Budi DS, Sutanto H, Asmarawati TP, Barlian Effendi G, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529): a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Vaccines (Basel) 2022;10:2180. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10122180. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang L, Berger NA, Xu R. Risks of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection and hospitalization in fully vaccinated patients with multiple myeloma. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2137575. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37575. PubMed DOI PMC

Rooney A, Bivona C, Liu B, Streeter D, Gong H, Khan Q. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in vaccinated cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study. J Hematol Oncol. 2022;15:67. doi: 10.1186/s13045-022-01290-8. PubMed DOI PMC

Sgherza N, Curci P, Rizzi R, Attolico I, Loconsole D, Mestice A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in fully vaccinated patients with multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11:201. doi: 10.1038/s41408-021-00597-y. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang L, Kaelber DC, Xu R, Berger NA. COVID-19 breakthrough infections, hospitalizations and mortality in fully vaccinated patients with hematologic malignancies: a clarion call for maintaining mitigation and ramping-up research. Blood Rev. 2022;54:100931. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.100931. PubMed DOI PMC

Lee LYW, Tilby M, Starkey T, Ionescu MC, Burnett A, Hattersley R, et al. Association of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody vaccine response with infection severity in patients with cancer: a national COVID cancer cross-sectional evaluation. JAMA Oncol. 2023;9:188–96. PubMed PMC

Ludwig H, San-Miguel J, Munshi N, Sonneveld P, Mateos MV, Moreau P, et al. Covid-19 vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma: focus on immune response. Am J Hematol. 2021;96:896–900. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26263. PubMed DOI PMC

Terpos E, Rajkumar SV, Leung N. Neutralizing antibody testing in patients with multiple myeloma following COVID-19 vaccination. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8:201–2. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.5942. PubMed DOI

Nooka AK, Shanmugasundaram U, Cheedarla N, Verkerke H, Edara VV, Valanparambil R, et al. Determinants of neutralizing antibody response after SARS CoV-2 vaccination in patients with myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:3057–64. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.02257. PubMed DOI PMC

Cromer D, Steain M, Reynaldi A, Schlub TE, Wheatley AK, Juno JA, et al. Neutralising antibody titres as predictors of protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants and the impact of boosting: a meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe. 2022;3:e52–61. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00267-6. PubMed DOI PMC

Khoury DS, Cromer D, Reynaldi A, Schlub TE, Wheatley AK, Juno JA, et al. Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2021;27:1205–11. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8. PubMed DOI

Van Oekelen O, Gleason CR, Agte S, Srivastava K, Beach KF, Aleman A, et al. Highly variable SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody responses to two doses of COVID-19 RNA vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell. 2021;39:1028–30. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.06.014. PubMed DOI PMC

Avivi I, Balaban R, Shragai T, Sheffer G, Morales M, Aharon A, et al. Humoral response rate and predictors of response to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID19 vaccine in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2021;195:186–93. doi: 10.1111/bjh.17608. PubMed DOI PMC

Marchesi F, Pimpinelli F, Sperandio E, Papa E, Falcucci P, Pontone M, et al. The 12-week kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different haematological cancers after vaccination with BNT162b2. Br J Haematol. 2022;196:362–7. doi: 10.1111/bjh.17821. PubMed DOI PMC

Pimpinelli F, Marchesi F, Piaggio G, Giannarelli D, Papa E, Falcucci P, et al. Fifth-week immunogenicity and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with multiple myeloma and myeloproliferative malignancies on active treatment: preliminary data from a single institution. J Hematol Oncol. 2021;14:81. doi: 10.1186/s13045-021-01090-6. PubMed DOI PMC

Bird S, Panopoulou A, Shea RL, Tsui M, Saso R, Sud A, et al. Response to first vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with multiple myeloma. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8:e389–92. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00110-1. PubMed DOI PMC

Terpos E, Trougakos IP, Gavriatopoulou M, Papassotiriou I, Sklirou AD, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, et al. Low neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in older patients with myeloma after the first BNT162b2 vaccine dose. Blood. 2021;137:3674–6. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021011904. PubMed DOI PMC

Terpos E, Gavriatopoulou M, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Briasoulis A, Gumeni S, Malandrakis P, et al. The neutralizing antibody response post COVID-19 vaccination in patients with myeloma is highly dependent on the type of anti-myeloma treatment. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11:138. doi: 10.1038/s41408-021-00530-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Stampfer SD, Goldwater MS, Jew S, Bujarski S, Regidor B, Daniely D, et al. Response to mRNA vaccination for COVID-19 among patients with multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2021;35:3534–41. doi: 10.1038/s41375-021-01354-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Ramasamy K, Sadler R, Jeans S, Varghese S, Turner A, Larham J, et al. COVID symptoms, testing, shielding impact on patient-reported outcomes and early vaccine responses in individuals with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2022;196:95–8. doi: 10.1111/bjh.17764. PubMed DOI PMC

Ghandili S, Schonlein M, Lutgehetmann M, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Becher H, Bokemeyer C, et al. Post-vaccination anti-SARS-CoV-2-antibody response in patients with multiple myeloma correlates with low CD19+B-lymphocyte count and anti-CD38 treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021;13:3800. doi: 10.3390/cancers13153800. PubMed DOI PMC

Lockmer S, Uttervall K, Kashif M, Svard C, Malmsten K, Fletcher-Torres E, et al. Antibody response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (Comirnaty) in myeloma patients treated with high-dose melphalan and/or immunotherapy. Am J Hematol. 2021;96:E443–6. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26348. PubMed DOI PMC

Schiller Salton N, Szwarcwort M, Tzoran I, Horowitz NA, Zuckerman T, Horesh N, et al. Attenuated humoral immune response following anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in heavily pretreated patients with multiple myeloma and AL amyloidosis. Am J Hematol. 2021;96:E475–8. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26373. PubMed DOI PMC

Chan WY, Howells L, Wilson W, Sanchez E, Ainley L, Chavda SJ, et al. Serological response to the BNT162b2 mRNA or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 vaccine after first and second doses in patients with plasma cell disorders: influence of host and disease factors. Br J Haematol. 2022;196:e21–6. doi: 10.1111/bjh.17864. PubMed DOI PMC

Salvini M, Maggi F, Damonte C, Mortara L, Bruno A, Mora B, et al. Immunogenicity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Comirnaty vaccine in patients with lymphomas and myeloma who underwent autologous stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2022;57:137–9. doi: 10.1038/s41409-021-01487-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Bitoun S, Henry J, Vauloup-Fellous C, Dib N, Belkhir R, Mouna L, et al. Response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in multiple myeloma is conserved but impaired compared to controls. J Hematol Oncol. 2021;14:166. doi: 10.1186/s13045-021-01183-2. PubMed DOI PMC

Chung DJ, Shah GL, Devlin SM, Ramanathan LV, Doddi S, Pessin MS, et al. Disease- and therapy-specific impact on humoral immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination in hematologic malignancies. Blood Cancer Disco. 2021;2:568–76. doi: 10.1158/2643-3230.BCD-21-0139. PubMed DOI PMC

Rahav G, Lustig Y, Lavee J, Ohad B, Magen H, Hod T, et al. BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised patients: a prospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;41:101158. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101158. PubMed DOI PMC

Shah MR, Gabel A, Beers S, Salaru G, Lin Y, Cooper DL. COVID-19 vaccine responses in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias after complete vaccination. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2022;22:e321–6. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.11.001. PubMed DOI PMC

Ghandili S, Schonlein M, Wiessner C, Becher H, Lutgehetmann M, Brehm TT, et al. Lymphocytopenia and anti-CD38 directed treatment impact the serological SARS-CoV-2 response after prime boost vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma. J Clin Med. 2021;10:5499. doi: 10.3390/jcm10235499. PubMed DOI PMC

Henriquez S, Zerbit J, Bruel T, Ouedrani A, Planas D, Deschamps P, et al. Anti-CD38 therapy impairs SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response against alpha and delta variants in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2022;139:942–6. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021013714. PubMed DOI PMC

Konishi Y, Sklavenitis-Pistofidis R, Yue H, Ferrari F, Redd RA, Lightbody ED, et al. Attenuated response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with asymptomatic precursor stages of multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Cancer Cell. 2022;40:6–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.12.003. PubMed DOI PMC

Greenberg RS, Ruddy JA, Boyarsky BJ, Werbel WA, Garonzik-Wang JM, Segev DL, et al. Safety and antibody response to two-dose SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma. BMC Cancer. 2021;21:1354. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-09097-5. PubMed DOI PMC

Haggenburg S, Lissenberg-Witte BI, van Binnendijk RS, den Hartog G, Bhoekhan MS, Haverkate NJE, et al. Quantitative analysis of mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccination response in immunocompromised adult hematology patients. Blood Adv. 2022;6:1537–46. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006917. PubMed DOI PMC

Terao T, Yamashita T, Fukumoto A, Kamura Y, Ikeda D, Kuzume A, et al. Low clinical protective response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with multiple myeloma. Int J Hematol. 2022;115:737–47. doi: 10.1007/s12185-022-03300-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Hoornaert E, Dachy F, Hansenne A, Bailly S, van Maanen A, Gruson D, et al. COVID-19: impact of vaccination in myeloma patients. Ann Hematol. 2022;101:1607–8. doi: 10.1007/s00277-022-04799-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Abdallah AO, Mahmoudjafari Z, Atieh T, Ahmed N, Cui W, Shune L, et al. Neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with plasma cell disorders who are on active treatment after two doses of mRNA vaccination. Eur J Haematol. 2022;109:458–64. doi: 10.1111/ejh.13826. PubMed DOI PMC

Zaleska J, Kwasnik P, Paziewska M, Purkot J, Szabelak A, Jurek M, et al. Response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Int J Cancer. 2023;152:705–12. doi: 10.1002/ijc.34209. PubMed DOI PMC

Gung C, McGuire R, George M, Abdulkareem A, Belden KA, Porcu P, et al. Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and plasma cell dyscrasias: anti-lymphoma therapy as a predictive biomarker of response to vaccination. Front Oncol. 2022;12:840451. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.840451. PubMed DOI PMC

Ramasamy K, Sadler R, Jeans S, Weeden P, Varghese S, Turner A, et al. Immune response to COVID-19 vaccination is attenuated by poor disease control and antimyeloma therapy with vaccine driven divergent T-cell response. Br J Haematol. 2022;197:293–301. doi: 10.1111/bjh.18066. PubMed DOI PMC

Pettine L, Bortolotti M, Fattizzo B, Da Via MC, Consonni D, Pompa A, et al. Response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and antibodies persistence in multiple myeloma patients. Hematol Oncol. 2023;41:210–12. PubMed PMC

Dhakal B, Abedin S, Fenske T, Chhabra S, Ledeboer N, Hari P, et al. Response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients after hematopoietic cell transplantation and CAR T-cell therapy. Blood. 2021;138:1278–81. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021012769. PubMed DOI PMC

Ehmsen S, Asmussen A, Jeppesen SS, Nilsson AC, Osterlev S, Vestergaard H, et al. Antibody and T cell immune responses following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in patients with cancer. Cancer Cell. 2021;39:1034–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.016. PubMed DOI PMC

Herzog Tzarfati K, Gutwein O, Apel A, Rahimi-Levene N, Sadovnik M, Harel L, et al. BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine is significantly less effective in patients with hematologic malignancies. Am J Hematol. 2021;96:1195–203. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26284. PubMed DOI PMC

Agha ME, Blake M, Chilleo C, Wells A, Haidar G. Suboptimal response to coronavirus disease 2019 messenger RNA vaccines in patients with hematologic malignancies: a need for vigilance in the postmasking era. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8:ofab353. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab353. PubMed DOI PMC

Benda M, Mutschlechner B, Ulmer H, Grabher C, Severgnini L, Volgger A, et al. Serological SARS-CoV-2 antibody response, potential predictive markers and safety of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in haematological and oncological patients. Br J Haematol. 2021;195:523–31. doi: 10.1111/bjh.17743. PubMed DOI PMC

Re D, Barriere J, Chamorey E, Delforge M, Gastaud L, Petit E, et al. Low rate of seroconversion after mRNA anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma. 2021;62:3308–10. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1957877. PubMed DOI

Chiarucci M, Paolasini S, Isidori A, Guiducci B, Loscocco F, Capalbo M, et al. Immunological response against SARS-COV-2 after BNT162b2 vaccine administration is impaired in allogeneic but not in autologous stem cell transplant recipients. Front Oncol. 2021;11:737300. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.737300. PubMed DOI PMC

Maneikis K, Sablauskas K, Ringeleviciute U, Vaitekenaite V, Cekauskiene R, Kryzauskaite L, et al. Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8:e583–92. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00169-1. PubMed DOI PMC

Shapiro LC, Thakkar A, Gali R, Gonzalez-Lugo JD, Bazarbachi AH, Rahman S, et al. High seroconversion rates amongst black and Hispanics with hematologic malignancies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Leuk Lymphoma. 2022;63:2484–8. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2074988. PubMed DOI

Marasco V, Carniti C, Guidetti A, Farina L, Magni M, Miceli R, et al. T-cell immune response after mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is frequently detected also in the absence of seroconversion in patients with lymphoid malignancies. Br J Haematol. 2022;196:548–58. doi: 10.1111/bjh.17877. PubMed DOI PMC

Ito Y, Honda A, Kurokawa M. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in patients with lymphoid malignancy or anti-CD20 antibody therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2022;22:e691–707. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2022.03.012. PubMed DOI PMC

Mohan M, Nagavally S, Shah NN, Michaelis L, Chhabra S, Souza AD, et al. Shorter interval between treatment and COVID immunization is associated with poor seroconversion in patients with hematological malignancies. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2022;22:e495–7. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2022.01.010. PubMed DOI PMC

Aleman A, Van Oekelen O, Upadhyaya B, Beach K, Kogan Zajdman A, Alshammary H, et al. Augmentation of humoral and cellular immune responses after third-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and viral neutralization in myeloma patients. Cancer Cell. 2022;40:441–3. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.03.013. PubMed DOI PMC

Susol O, Hajkova B, Zelena H, Hajek R. Third dose of COVID-19 vaccine restores immune response in patients with haematological malignancies after loss of protective antibody titres. Br J Haematol. 2022;197:302–5. doi: 10.1111/bjh.18073. PubMed DOI

Wagner A, Garner-Spitzer E, Schotta AM, Orola M, Wessely A, Zwazl I, et al. SARS-CoV-2-mRNA booster vaccination reverses non-responsiveness and early antibody waning in immunocompromised patients - a phase four study comparing immune responses in patients with solid cancers, multiple myeloma and inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol. 2022;13:889138. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889138. PubMed DOI PMC

Thompson MA, Hallmeyer S, Fitzpatrick VE, Liao Y, Mullane MP, Medlin SC, et al. Real-world third COVID-19 vaccine dosing and antibody response in patients with hematologic malignancies. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2022;9:149–57. doi: 10.17294/2330-0698.1952. PubMed DOI PMC

Frankel AE, Capozzola T, Andrabi R, Ahn C, Zhou P, He WT, et al. The effects of an mRNA Covid-19 vaccine booster on immune responses in cancer-bearing veterans. Med Res Arch. 2022;10:10.18103/mra.v10i7.2932. 10.18103/mra.v10i7.2932. PubMed PMC

Enssle JC, Campe J, Buchel S, Moter A, See F, Griessbaum K, et al. Enhanced but variant-dependent serological and cellular immune responses to third-dose BNT162b2 vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell. 2022;40:587–9. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.05.003. PubMed DOI PMC

Azeem MI, Nooka AK, Shanmugasundaram U, Cheedarla N, Potdar S, Manalo RJ, et al. Impaired SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralization and CD8+T cell responses following 3 doses of mRNA vaccines in myeloma: correlation with breakthrough infections. Blood Cancer Discov. 2022. PubMed PMC

Storti P, Marchica V, Vescovini R, Franceschi V, Russo L, Notarfranchi L, et al. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and booster dose in patients with multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathies: impact of Omicron variant on the humoral response. Oncoimmunology. 2022;11:2120275. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2022.2120275. PubMed DOI PMC

Rosati M, Terpos E, Bear J, Burns R, Devasundaram S, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, et al. Low spike antibody levels and impaired BA.4/5 neutralization in patients with multiple myeloma or Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia after BNT162b2 booster vaccination. Cancers (Basel) 2022;14:5816. doi: 10.3390/cancers14235816. PubMed DOI PMC

Faustini SE, Hall A, Brown S, Roberts S, Hill H, Stamataki Z, et al. Immune responses to COVID-19 booster vaccinations in intensively anti-CD38 antibody treated patients with ultra-high-risk multiple myeloma: results from the Myeloma UK (MUK) nine OPTIMUM trial. Br J Haematol. 2023. 10.1111/bjh.18714. Online ahead of print. PubMed

Enssle JC, Campe J, Schwenger A, Wiercinska E, Hellstern H, Durrwald R, et al. Severe impairment of T-cell responses to BNT162b2 immunization in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2022;139:137–42. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021013429. PubMed DOI PMC

Aleman A, Upadhyaya B, Tuballes K, Kappes K, Gleason CR, Beach K, et al. Variable cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 in fully vaccinated patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell. 2021;39:1442–4. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.09.015. PubMed DOI PMC

Terao T, Naduka T, Ikeda D, Fukumoto A, Kamura Y, Kuzume A, et al. Depletion of CD38-positive regulatory T cells by anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies induces a durable response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with plasma cell dyscrasia. Br J Haematol. 2022;197:417–21. doi: 10.1111/bjh.18079. PubMed DOI PMC

Keppler-Hafkemeyer A, Greil C, Wratil PR, Shoumariyeh K, Stern M, Hafkemeyer A, et al. Potent high-avidity neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses after COVID-19 vaccination in individuals with B cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Nat Cancer. 2022. PubMed PMC

Chung A, Banbury B, Vignali M, Huang CY, Asoori S, Johnson R, et al. Antibody and T-cell responses by ultra-deep T-cell receptor immunosequencing after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias. Br J Haematol. 2022;199:520–8. doi: 10.1111/bjh.18434. PubMed DOI PMC

Malato J, Ribeiro RM, Fernandes E, Leite PP, Casaca P, Antunes C, et al. Stability of hybrid versus vaccine immunity against BA.5 infection over 8 months. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23:148–150. PubMed PMC

Rosati M, Terpos E, Agarwal M, Karalis V, Bear J, Burns R, et al. Distinct neutralization profile of spike variants by antibodies induced upon SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Am J Hematol. 2022;97:E3–7. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26380. PubMed DOI PMC

Passamonti F, Romano A, Salvini M, Merli F, Porta MGD, Bruna R, et al. COVID-19 elicits an impaired antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol. 2021;195:371–7. doi: 10.1111/bjh.17704. PubMed DOI PMC

Chan WY, Sanchez E, Chavda SJ, Lecat CSY, Ainley L, Xu K, et al. Development of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 following asymptomatic infection in patients with plasma cell disorders on immunomodulatory therapy. Br J Haematol. 2021;194:857–61. doi: 10.1111/bjh.17441. PubMed DOI PMC

Gavriatopoulou M, Terpos E, Malandrakis P, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Briasoulis A, Gumeni S, et al. Myeloma patients with COVID-19 have superior antibody responses compared to patients fully vaccinated with the BNT162b2 vaccine. Br J Haematol. 2022;196:356–9. doi: 10.1111/bjh.17841. PubMed DOI PMC

Abella E, Trigueros M, Pradenas E, Munoz-Lopez F, Garcia-Pallarols F, Ben Azaiz Ben Lahsen R, et al. Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with monoclonal gammopathies: a cross sectional study. Life Sci Alliance. 2022;5:e202201479. doi: 10.26508/lsa.202201479. PubMed DOI PMC

Branagan AR, Duffy E, Gan G, Li F, Foster C, Verma R, et al. Tandem high-dose influenza vaccination is associated with more durable serologic immunity in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias. Blood Adv. 2021;5:1535–9. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003880. PubMed DOI PMC

Nguyen Y, Flahault A, Chavarot N, Melenotte C, Cheminant M, Deschamps P, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis with tixagevimab and cilgavimab (Evusheld) for COVID-19 among 1112 severely immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;28:1654.e1651–4. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.07.015. PubMed DOI PMC

Food and Drug Administration. FDA releases important information about risk of COVID-19 due to certain variants not neutralized by Evusheld. 2023. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-releases-important-information-about-risk-covid-19-due-certain-variants-not-neutralized-evusheld. Accessed January 15, 2023.

Bruno G, Giotta M, Perelli S, De Vita G, Bartolomeo N, Buccoliero GB. Early access to oral antivirals in high-risk outpatients: good weapons to fight COVID-19. Viruses. 2022;14:2514. doi: 10.3390/v14112514. PubMed DOI PMC

Wong CKH, Au ICH, Lau KTK, Lau EHY, Cowling BJ, Leung GM. Real-world effectiveness of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir against mortality, hospitalisation, and in-hospital outcomes among community-dwelling, ambulatory patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during the omicron wave in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet. 2022;400:1213–22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01586-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Butler CC, Hobbs FDR, Gbinigie OA, Rahman NM, Hayward G, Richards DB, et al. Molnupiravir plus usual care versus usual care alone as early treatment for adults with COVID-19 at increased risk of adverse outcomes (PANORAMIC): an open-label, platform-adaptive randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2023;401:281–93. PubMed PMC

Wong GL, Yip TC, Lai MS, Wong VW, Hui DS, Lui GC. Incidence of viral rebound after treatment with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and molnupiravir. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2245086. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.45086. PubMed DOI PMC

Takashita E, Yamayoshi S, Simon V, van Bakel H, Sordillo EM, Pekosz A, et al. Efficacy of antibodies and antiviral drugs against Omicron BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 subvariants. N. Engl J Med. 2022;387:468–70. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2207519. PubMed DOI PMC

Vangeel L, Chiu W, De Jonghe S, Maes P, Slechten B, Raymenants J, et al. Remdesivir, molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir remain active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other variants of concern. Antivir Res. 2022;198:105252. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105252. PubMed DOI PMC

Spiliopoulou V, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Malandrakis P, Gavriatopoulou M, Theodorakakou F, Fotiou D, et al. Oral antivirals ritonavir-nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir are highly effective in patients with multiple myeloma and COVID-19; a single-center, prospective study. 19th International Myeloma Society Annual Meeting 2022, Los Angeles, California. Abstract P-161.

Bruno G, Perelli S, Palazzo G, De Vita G, Buccoliero GB. Oral antivirals against Sars-CoV-2 in multiple myeloma outpatients: a case series. Recent Prog Med. 2023;114:815–7. PubMed

Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19 - final report. N. Engl J Med. 2020;383:1813–26. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764. PubMed DOI PMC

Gottlieb RL, Vaca CE, Paredes R, Mera J, Webb BJ, Perez G, et al. Early remdesivir to prevent progression to severe Covid-19 in outpatients. N. Engl J Med. 2022;386:305–15. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116846. PubMed DOI PMC

Li M, Beck EJ, Laeyendecker O, Eby Y, Tobian AAR, Caturegli P, et al. Convalescent plasma with a high level of virus-specific antibody effectively neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Blood Adv. 2022;6:3678–83. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007410. PubMed DOI PMC

Hueso T, Godron AS, Lanoy E, Pacanowski J, Levi LI, Gras E, et al. Convalescent plasma improves overall survival in patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancy and COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort and propensity score analysis. Leukemia. 2022;36:1025–34. doi: 10.1038/s41375-022-01511-6. PubMed DOI PMC

Filippatos C, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Sekeri K, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos A, Gavriatopoulou M, Psaltopoulou T, et al. Convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials. Viruses. 2023;15:765. PubMed PMC

Gavriatopoulou M, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Korompoki E, Fotiou D, Migkou M, Tzanninis IG, et al. Emerging treatment strategies for COVID-19 infection. Clin Exp Med. 2021;21:167–79. doi: 10.1007/s10238-020-00671-y. PubMed DOI PMC

Asteris PG, Kokoris S, Gavriilaki E, Tsoukalas MZ, Houpas P, Paneta M, et al. Early prediction of COVID-19 outcome using artificial intelligence techniques and only five laboratory indices. Clin Immunol. 2023;246:109218. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109218. PubMed DOI PMC