The Earth's ecosystems are affected by a complex interplay of biotic and abiotic factors. While global temperatures increase, associated changes in the fruiting behaviour of fungi remain unknown. Here, we analyse 6.1 million fungal fruit body (mushroom) records and show that the major terrestrial biomes exhibit similarities and differences in fruiting events. We observed one main fruiting peak in most years across all biomes. However, in boreal and temperate biomes, there was a substantial number of years with a second peak, indicating spring and autumn fruiting. Distinct fruiting peaks are spatially synchronized in boreal and temperate biomes, but less defined and longer in the humid tropics. The timing and duration of fungal fruiting were significantly related to temperature mean and variability. Temperature-dependent aboveground fungal fruiting behaviour, which is arguably also representative of belowground processes, suggests that the observed biome-specific differences in fungal phenology will change in space and time when global temperatures continue to increase.

Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany

Conservation Biology Institute for Ecology Evolution and Diversity Faculty of Biological Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany

Department of Geography Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge UK

Fungal Ecology and BayCEER University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany

Swiss Federal Research Institute Birmensdorf Switzerland

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