The metabolome is the biochemical basis of plant form and function, but we know little about its macroecological variation across the plant kingdom. Here, we used the plant functional trait concept to interpret leaf metabolome variation among 457 tropical and 339 temperate plant species. Distilling metabolite chemistry into five metabolic functional traits reveals that plants vary on two major axes of leaf metabolic specialization-a leaf chemical defense spectrum and an expression of leaf longevity. Axes are similar for tropical and temperate species, with many trait combinations being viable. However, metabolic traits vary orthogonally to life-history strategies described by widely used functional traits. The metabolome thus expands the functional trait concept by providing additional axes of metabolic specialization for examining plant form and function.

Aix Marseille Université Avignon Université CNRS IRD IMBE Marseille France

CREAF 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain

CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF CSIC UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain

Departament de Biologia Evolutiva Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Facultat de Biologia Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona 08028 Spain

Department of Biology University of Fribourg 1700 Fribourg Switzerland

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK

Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland

Department of Zoology Oxford University Oxford OX1 3SZ UK

Departments of Geography and Chemistry University of Zurich 8057 Zurich Switzerland

Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany

Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences 603 00 Brno Czech Republic

Green Mission Pierre Fabre Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre 31562 Toulouse France

Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona 08028 Spain

Institute of Biodiversity Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany

Institute of Biology Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg 06108 Halle Germany

Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland University of Geneva 1211 Geneva Switzerland

Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement Université de Toulouse CNRS 31062 Toulouse France

Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Bioinformatics and Scientific Data 06120 Halle Germany

Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental crops 14979 Großbeeren Germany

Medio Ambiente y Salud Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas Universidad de Las Américas 170124 Quito Ecuador

Molecular Systems Biology Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology 1010 University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Musée et Jardins botaniques cantonaux 1007 Lausanne Switzerland

Research School of Biology The Australian National University 2601 Acton Australia

School of Biological Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA

School of Geography University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Geneva 1211 Geneva Switzerland

Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of Biology Aarhus University 8000 Aarhus Denmark

Vienna Metabolomics Center 1010 University of Vienna Vienna Austria

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