The mustard family (Brassicaceae) is a scientifically and economically important family, containing the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and numerous crop species that feed billions worldwide. Despite its relevance, most phylogenetic trees of the family are incompletely sampled and often contain poorly supported branches. Here, we present the most complete Brassicaceae genus-level family phylogenies to date (Brassicaceae Tree of Life or BrassiToL) based on nuclear (1,081 genes, 319 of the 349 genera; 57 of the 58 tribes) and plastome (60 genes, 265 genera; all tribes) data. We found cytonuclear discordance between the two, which is likely a result of rampant hybridization among closely and more distantly related lineages. To evaluate the impact of such hybridization on the nuclear phylogeny reconstruction, we performed five different gene sampling routines, which increasingly removed putatively paralog genes. Our cleaned subset of 297 genes revealed high support for the tribes, whereas support for the main lineages (supertribes) was moderate. Calibration based on the 20 most clock-like nuclear genes suggests a late Eocene to late Oligocene origin of the family. Finally, our results strongly support a recently published new family classification, dividing the family into two subfamilies (one with five supertribes), together representing 58 tribes. This includes five recently described or re-established tribes, including Arabidopsideae, a monogeneric tribe accommodating Arabidopsis without any close relatives. With a worldwide community of thousands of researchers working on Brassicaceae and its diverse members, our new genus-level family phylogeny will be an indispensable tool for studies on biodiversity and plant biology.

Australian National Herbarium Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research Clunies Ross St Acton ACT 2601 Australia

Australian Tropical Herbarium James Cook University PO Box 6811 Cairns QLD 4870 Australia

Biosystematics Group Wageningen University Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands

Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Freie Universität Berlin Königin Luise Straße 6 8 14195 Berlin Germany

CEITEC Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Kamenice 5 Brno 625 00 Czech Republic

Centre for Middle Eastern Plants Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 20A Inverleith Row Edinburgh EH3 5LR UK

Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 345 69120 Heidelberg Germany

Conservatory and Botanic Gardens of Geneva CP 60 Chambésy 1292 Geneva Switzerland

Departamento de Botánica Universidad de Concepción Barrio Universitario Concepción Chile

Department of Biology Botany University of Osnabrück Barbarastraße 11 49076 Osnabrück Germany

Department of Biology Botany University of Osnabrück Barbarastraße 11 49076 Osnabrück Germany; Functional Traits Group Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg 2 2333 CR Leiden the Netherlands

Department of Biology Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA

Department of Biology Hacettepe University Beytepe Ankara 06800 Türkiye

Department of Biology KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 box 2435 3001 Leuven Belgium; Meise Botanic Garden Nieuwelaan 38 1860 Meise Belgium

Department of Biology New Mexico State University PO Box 30001 MSC 3AF Las Cruces NM 88003 USA

Department of Biology University of Zagreb Marulićev trg 20 2 10000 Zagreb Croatia

Department of Botany Natural History Museum Vienna Burgring 7 1010 Vienna Austria

Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA

Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology University of California 610 Charles E Young Dr S Los Angeles CA 90095 USA

Department of Organismal Biology Uppsala University Norbyvägen 18 752 36 Uppsala Sweden

ETH Zürich Institut für Integrative Biologie Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich Switzerland

Functional Traits Group Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg 2 2333 CR Leiden the Netherlands; Department of Biology University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium

Functional Traits Group Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg 2 2333 CR Leiden the Netherlands; Institute of Biology Leiden Plant Sciences Leiden University Sylviusweg 72 2333 BE Leiden the Netherlands

Functional Traits Group Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg 2 2333 CR Leiden the Netherlands; Wetsus European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology Oostergoweg 9 8911 MA Leeuwarden the Netherlands; Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft the Netherlands

Harvard University Herbaria 22 Divinity Ave Cambridge MA 02138 USA

Heidelberg Botanic Garden Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 361 69120 Heidelberg Germany

HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology 601 Genome Way Northwest Huntsville AL 35806 USA

Institute of Botany Slovak Academy of Sciences Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre Dúbravská cesta 9 845 23 Bratislava Slovakia

La Trobe University Plenty Road and Kingsbury Dr Bundoora VIC 3086 Australia

Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Allan Herbarium PO Box 69040 Lincoln New Zealand

Missouri Botanical Garden 4344 Shaw Blvd St Louis MO 63110 USA

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Richmond Surrey TW9 3AE UK

Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University 307 University Ave Fort Collins CO 80523 1170 USA

Sorbonne Université Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Institut de Systématique Évolution Biodiversité CP 39 57 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France

South Siberian Botanical Garden Altai State University Barnaul Lesosechnaya Ulitsa 25 Barnaul Altai Krai Russia

Curr Biol. 2023 Oct 9;33(19):R998-R1000. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.067. PubMed

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