Globally, industrialisation and urbanisation have led to the generation of hazardous waste (HW). Sustainable hazardous waste management (HWM) is the need of the hour for a safe, clean, and eco-friendly environment and public health. The prominent waste management strategies should be aligned with circular economic models considering the economy, environment, and efficiency. This review critically discusses HW generation and sustainable management with the strategies of prevention, reduction, recycling, waste-to-energy, advanced treatment technology, and proper disposal. In this regard, the major HW policies, legislations, and international conventions related to HWM are summarised. The global generation and composition of hazardous industrial, household, and e-waste are analysed, along with their environmental and health impacts. The paper critically discusses recently adapted management strategies, waste-to-energy conversion techniques, treatment technologies, and their suitability, advantages, and limitations. A roadmap for future research focused on the components of the circular economy model is proposed, and the waste management challenges are discussed. This review stems to give a holistic and broader picture of global waste generation (from many sources), its effects on public health and the environment, and the need for a sustainable HWM approach towards the circular economy. The in-depth analysis presented in this work will help build cost-effective and eco-sustainable HWM projects.

Department of Chemical Engineering Energy Cluster University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Dehradun 248007 Uttarakhand India

Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016 India

Department of Chemical Engineering Parul Institute of Technology Parul University Vadodara Gujarat 391760 India

School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed to Be University Tirmalaisamudram Thanjavur Tamil Nadu 613401 India

Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory Faculty of Mechanical Engineering SPIL NETME Centre Brno University of Technology VUT Brno Technická 2896 2 616 69 Brno Czech Republic

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