With the alarming increase in dying trees and massive logging in the Czech forests due to bark beetle infestation, the collection of non-wood forest products, a beneficial recreational activity in the Czech Republic, is now being promoted as an alternative to wood provisioning services. This paper aims to present findings on the non-wood forest product preferences in the country as part of a baseline assessment for promoting the usage. This study relied on the 2019 national survey data of public preferences in collecting forest berries, mushrooms, honey, and medicinal herbs. K-means cluster analysis was employed to classify the respondents. A binary logistic regression with a conditional forward approach was employed to identify the potential predictors of the high preference for each non-wood forest product. Data from 1,050 online respondents were included, and two groups of respondents were clustered based on their preferences for the entire non-wood forest, i.e., higher and lower utilization. The regression analysis revealed that frequent forest visitors were the primary predictor of high utilization of all non-wood forest products (between 1.437 to 4.579 odd ratios), in addition to age, gender, and location of the forest property. By clustering the respondents based on the high and low preferences in utilizing non-wood forest products, the promotion of this service, from recreational to potential livelihood activities and economic benefits, can be better targeted, e.g., target customer, infrastructure development in the location with high preferences, scenarios based on the type of owners (municipal or private forest owners), which in accordance to the national forest policy and laws, and, at the same time, maintain the ecological stability.

CIFOR ICRAF Bogor West Java Indonesia

Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Suchdol Czechia

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Suchdol Czechia

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Haines-Young R, Potschin M. Common international classification of ecosystem services (CICES). V5.1. Guidance on the application of the revised structure. Nottingham, UK: Fabis Consulting Ltd. (2018).

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment E . Ecosystems and human wellbeing: Opportunities and challenges for business and industry. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute; (2005).

Colledge S, Conolly J. Wild plant use in European Neolithic subsistence economies: a formal assessment of preservation bias in archaeobotanical assemblages and the implications for understanding changes in plant diet breadth. Quat Sci Rev. (2014) 101:193–206. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.013 DOI

Turner NJ, Łuczaj ŁJ, Migliorini P, Pieroni A, Dreon AL, Sacchetti LE, et al. . Edible and tended wild plants, traditional ecological knowledge and agroecology. Crit Rev Plant Sci. (2011) 30:198–225. doi: 10.1080/07352689.2011.554492 DOI

Zohary D, Hopf M. Domestication of plants in the Old World: The origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe and the Nile Valley. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; (2000).

Schulp C, Verburg P, Thuiller W. Wild food in Europe: a synthesis of knowledge and data of terrestrial wild food as an ecosystem service. Ecol Econ. (2014) 105:292–305. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.06.018 DOI

Bronwen P, Ickowitz A, McMullin S, Jamnadass R, Padoch C, Pinedo-Vasquez M, et al. . The role of forests, trees and wild biodiversity for nutrition-sensitive food systems and landscapes. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; (2013).

Łuczaj Ł, Pieroni A, Tardío J, Pardo-de-Santayana M, Sõukand R, Svanberg I, et al. . Wild food plant use in 21 st century Europe, the disapperance of old traditions and the search for new ciusines involving wild edibles. Acta Soc Bot Pol. (2012) 81:359–70. doi: 10.5586/asbp.2012.031 DOI

Hochmalová M, Červená T, Purwestri RC, Hájek M, Sloup R. Anchor of cultural forest services in the national forest policies of central European countries. Cent Eur For J. (2021) 67:212–29. doi: 10.2478/forj-2021-0013 DOI

Allen D, Bilz M, Leaman DJ, Miller RM, Timoshyna A, Window J. European red list of medicinal plants. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; (2014).

Deparment of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division . World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420). (2019).

Łuczaj Ł. Archival data on wild food plants used in Poland in 1948. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. (2008) 4:4. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-4-4, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Skrkal J, Rulik P, Fantinova K, Burianova J, Helebrant J. Long-term Cs-137 activity monitoring of mushrooms in forest ecosystems of the Czech Republic. Radiat Prot Dosim. (2013) 157:579–84. doi: 10.1093/rpd/nct172, PMID: PubMed DOI

Pettenella D, Secco L, Maso D. NWFP&S marketing: lessons learned and new development paths from case studies in some European countries. Small Scale For. (2007) 6:373–90. doi: 10.1007/s11842-007-9032-0 DOI

Wolfslehner B, Prokofieva I, Mavsar R. Non-wood forest products in Europe: seeing the forest around the trees. What science can tell us 10. Finland: European Forest Institute; (2019).

Benz JP, Chen S, Dang S, Dieter M, Labelle ER, Liu G, et al. . Multifunctionality of forests: a white paper on challenges and opportunities in China and Germany. Forests. (2020) 11:266. doi: 10.3390/f11030266 DOI

Hölting L, Beckmann M, Volk M, Cord AF. Multifunctionality assessments–more than assessing multiple ecosystem functions and services? A quantitative literature review. Ecol Indic. (2019) 103:226–35. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.009 DOI

Hölting L, Felipe-Lucia ML, Cord AF. Multifunctional landscapes. Encyclopedia of the World’s biomes. Oxford: Elsevier; (2020).

Hochmalová M, Purwestri RC, Yongfeng J, Jarský V, Riedl M, Yuanyong D, et al. . Demand for forest ecosystem services: a comparison study in selected areas in the Czech Republic and China. Eur J For Res. (2022) 141:867–86. doi: 10.1007/s10342-022-01478-0, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Lindemann-Matthies P, Keller D, Li X, Schmid B. Attitudes toward forest diversity and forest ecosystem services–a cross-cultural comparison between China and Switzerland. J Plant Ecol. (2013) 7:1–9. doi: 10.1093/jpe/rtt015 DOI

Martín-López B, Montes C, Benayas J. Economic valuation of biodiversity conservation: the meaning of numbers. Conserv Biol. (2008) 22:624–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00921.x, PMID: PubMed DOI

Torkar G, Krašovec U. Students’ attitudes toward forest ecosystem services, knowledge about ecology, and direct experience with forests. Ecosyst Serv. (2019) 37:100916. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100916 DOI

Johnson MD, Nader G, Fornell C. Expectations, perceived performance, and customer satisfaction for a complex service: the case of bank loans. J Econ Psychol. (1996) 17:163–82. doi: 10.1016/0167-4870(96)00002-5 DOI

Purwestri RC, Hájek M, Šodková M, Jarský V. How are wood and non-wood Forest products utilized in the Czech Republic? A preliminary assessment of a Nationwide survey on the bioeconomy. Sustainability. (2020) 12:1–12. doi: 10.3390/su12020566 PubMed DOI

Ryzin GGV. Expectations, performance, and citizen satisfaction with urban services. J Policy Anal Manage. (2004) 23:433–48. doi: 10.1002/pam.20020 DOI

Huber P, Hujala T, Kurttila M, Wolfslehner B, Vacik H. Application of multi criteria analysis methods for a participatory assessment of non-wood forest products in two European case studies. Forest Policy Econ. (2019) 103:103–11. doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2017.07.003 DOI

Ludvig A, Tahvanainen V, Dickson A, Evard C, Kurttila M, Cosovic M, et al. . The practice of entrepreneurship in the non-wood forest products sector: support for innovation on private forest land. Forest Policy Econ. (2016) 66:31–7. doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2016.02.007 DOI

Sheppard JP, Chamberlain J, Agúndez D, Bhattacharya P, Chirwa PW, Gontcharov A, et al. . Sustainable Forest management beyond the timber-oriented status quo: transitioning to co-production of timber and non-wood Forest products—a global perspective. Curr For Rep. (2020) 6:26–40. doi: 10.1007/s40725-019-00107-1 DOI

Rametsteiner E, Kraxner F. Europeans and their forests. What do Europeans think about forests and sustainable forest management. Vienna, Austria: FAO/UNECE; (2003).

Croitoru L. How much are Mediterranean forests worth? Forest Policy Econ. (2007) 9:536–45. doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2006.04.001 DOI

Posavec S, Brenko A, Beljan K. The value of non-wood forest products for the Croatian bioeconomy. Aust J For Sci. (2021) 138:33.

Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic . Zpráva o stavu lesa a lesního hospodářství České Republiky v roce 2012. Prague, the Czech Republic: Ministerstvo zemědělství (Ministry of Agriculture the Czech Republic) (2013).

Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic . Zpráva o stavu lesa a lesního hospodářství České Republiky v roce 2019. Prague, the Czech Republic: Ministerstvo zemědělství (Ministry of Agriculture the Czech Republic). (2020).

Riedl M, Jarský V, Zahradník D, Palátová P, Dudík R, Meňházová J, et al. . Analysis of significant factors influencing the amount of collected Forest berries in the Czech Republic. Forests. (2020) 11:1114. doi: 10.3390/f11101114 DOI

Šišák L, Riedl M, Dudik R. Non-market non-timber forest products in the Czech Republic-their socio-economic effects and trends in forest land use. Land Use Policy. (2016) 50:390–8. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.10.006 DOI

Hlásny T, Zimová S, Merganičová K, Štěpánek P, Modlinger R, Turčáni M. Devastating outbreak of bark beetles in the Czech Republic: drivers, impacts, and management implications. For Ecol Manag. (2021) 490:119075. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119075 DOI

Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic . Zpráva o stavu lesa a lesního hospodářství České Republiky v roce 2015. Prague, the Czech Republic: Ministerstvo zemědělství (Ministry of Agriculture the Czech Republic). (2016).

Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic . Zpráva o stavu lesa a lesního hospodářství České Republiky v roce 2018. Praha: Ministerstvo zemědělství (Ministry of Agriculture the Czech Republic). (2019).

Marek P. Transformation of the identity of a region: theory and the empirical case of the perceptual regions of Bohemia and Moravia, Czech Republic. Moravian Geogr Rep. (2020) 28:154–69. doi: 10.2478/mgr-2020-0012 DOI

Czech Statistical Office . Gross domestic product in current prices. (2022) Available at: https://apl.czso.cz/pll/rocenka/rocenka.presmsocas. (Accessed Dec 8, 2022).

Dembner SA, Perlis A. Towards a harmonized definition of non-wood forest products. Unasylva. (1999) 50:63–4.

Weiss G, Emery MR, Corradini G, Živojinović I. New values of non-wood Forest products. Forests. (2020) 11:165. doi: 10.3390/f11020165 DOI

Kotler P, Armstrong G. Company and marketing strategy: Partnering to build customer value and relationships. Principles of marketing. New Jersey, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall; (2012).

Seeland K, Kilchling P, Hansmann R. Urban consumers’ attitudes towards non-wood Forest products and Services in Switzerland and an assessment of their market potential. Small Scale For. (2007) 6:443–52. doi: 10.1007/s11842-007-9028-9 DOI

Šodková M, Purwestri RC, Riedl M, Jarský V, Hájek M. Drivers and frequency of Forest visits: results of a National Survey in the Czech Republic. Forests. (2020) 11:414. doi: 10.3390/f11040414 DOI

Arnberger A, Ebenberger M, Schneider IE, Cottrell S, Schlueter AC, von Ruschkowski E, et al. . Visitor preferences for visual changes in bark beetle-impacted Forest recreation settings in the United States and Germany. Environ Manag. (2018) 61:209–23. doi: 10.1007/s00267-017-0975-4, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Gross R, Karyadi D, Sastroamidjojo S, Schultink W. Guidelines for the development of research proposals following a structured, holistic approach for a research proposal (SHARP). Food Nutr Bull. (1998) 19:268–82. doi: 10.1177/156482659801900308 DOI

Šiftová J. Foraging in Czechia: the nation’s precious hobby. Nor Geogr Tidsskr. (2020) 74:310–20. doi: 10.1080/00291951.2020.1851757 DOI

Czech Statistical Office . Kde a jak bydlí české domácnosti? (2019). Available at: https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/kde-a-jak-bydli-ceske-domacnosti-p2eqbgktkl. (Accessed Nov 11, 2019).

Cochran WG. Sampling techniques. New York: John Wiley & Sons; (1977).

Lwanga SK, Lemeshow S. Sample size determination in health studies: A practical manual. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; (1991).

Martínez de Arano I, Maltoni S, Picardo A, Mutke S. Non-wood forest products for people, nature and the green economy. Recommendations for policy priorities in Europe. A white paper based on lessons learned from around the Mediterranean. EFI and FAO. (2021).

Jaakola L, Paassilta M, Suokas M, Häggman H. Nordic bilberry project. Latvian J Agron. (2009) 84:43–7.

Nilsen GS. Cloudberries–the northern gold. Int J Fruit Sci. (2005) 5:45–60. doi: 10.1300/J492v05n02_06 DOI

Turtiainen M, Nuutinen T. Evaluation of information on wild berry and mushroom Markets in European Countries. Small Scale For. (2012) 11:131–45. doi: 10.1007/s11842-011-9173-z DOI

Svanberg I, Lindh H. Mushroom hunting and consumption in twenty-first century post-industrial Sweden. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. (2019) 15:42. doi: 10.1186/s13002-019-0318-z, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Garcia-Barreda S, Forcadell R, Sánchez S, Martín-Santafé M, Marco P, Camarero JJ, et al. . Black truffle harvesting in Spanish forests: trends, current policies and practices, and implications on its sustainability. Environ Manag. (2018) 61:535–44. doi: 10.1007/s00267-017-0973-6, PMID: PubMed DOI

Reyna S, Garcia-Barreda S. Black truffle cultivation: a global reality. For Syst. (2014) 23:317–28. doi: 10.5424/fs/2014232-04771 DOI

Calvo R, Prestifilippo M, Venturella G. Truffle gathering and trade in the Monti Sicani Regional Park (Sicily, Italy), a new perspective for the local economy and for employment in economically depressed areas. Plant Biosyst. (2022) 156:171–9. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2020.1845843 DOI

Pettenella D, Klöhn S, Brun F, Carbone F, Venzi F. Italy’s country report. Italy: cost E30. Economic integration of urban consumers’ demand and rural forestry production. (2005).

Rovira M, Garay L, Górriz-Mifsud E, Bonet J-A. Territorial marketing based on non-wood Forest products (NWFPs) to enhance sustainable tourism in rural areas: a literature review. Forests. (2022) 13:1231. doi: 10.3390/f13081231 DOI

Weber K. Christbaumhändler schauen zuversichtlich in die kommende Saison: Weihnachtsbäume in Bayern und Deutschland. LWF Aktuell. (2006) 13:8–9.

Vaneková Z, Vanek M, Škvarenina J, Nagy M. The influence of local habitat and microclimate on the levels of secondary metabolites in Slovak bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits. Plan Theory. (2020) 9:436. doi: 10.3390/plants9040436, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

European Non-Wood Forest Products-Policy Portal . Slovenian honey with protected geographical indication (SHPGI) - NWFP policies. (2009). Available at: http://nwfp-policies.efi.int/wiki/Slovenian_honey_with_protected_geographical_indication_(SHPGI). (Accessed Jul 12, 2023).

Šišák L. Importance of non-wood forest product collection and use for inhabitants in the Czech Republic. J For Sci. (2006) 52:417–26. doi: 10.17221/4522-JFS DOI

Derks J, Giessen L, Winkel G. COVID-19-induced visitor boom reveals the importance of forests as critical infrastructure. Forest Policy Econ. (2020) 118:102253. doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102253, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Pichlerová M, Önkal D, Bartlett A, Výbošťok J, Pichler V. Variability in forest visit numbers in different regions and population segments before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:3469. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073469, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Bruzzese S, Blanc S, Merlino VM, Massaglia S, Brun F. Civil society’s perception of forest ecosystem services. A case study in the Western Alps. Front Psychol. (2022) 13:1000043. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1000043, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Jarský V, Palátová P, Riedl M, Zahradník D, Rinn R, Hochmalová M. Forest attendance in the times of COVID-19—a case study on the example of the Czech Republic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022) 19:2529. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19052529, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Olejarz A, Faltusová M, Börger L, Güldenpfennig J, Jarský V, Ježek M, et al. . Worse sleep and increased energy expenditure yet no movement changes in sub-urban wild boar experiencing an influx of human visitors (anthropulse) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Total Environ. (2023) 879:163106. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163106, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Hlásny T, König L, Krokene P, Lindner M, Montagné-Huck C, Müller J, et al. . Bark beetle outbreaks in Europe: state of knowledge and ways forward for management. Curr For Rep. (2021) 7:138–65. doi: 10.1007/s40725-021-00142-x DOI

Chytr M, Dražil T, Hájek M, Kalníková V, Preislerová Z, Šibík J, et al. . The most species-rich plant communities in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (with new world records). Preslia. (2015) 87:217–78.

Wilson JB, Peet RK, Dengler J, Pärtel M. Plant species richness: the world records. J Veg Sci. (2012) 23:796–802. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01400.x DOI

Pawera L, Łukasz Ł, Andrea P, Polesny Z. Traditional plant knowledge in the white Carpathians: ethnobotany of wild food plants and crop wild relatives in the Czech Republic | SpringerLink. Hum Ecol. (2017) 45:655–71. doi: 10.1007/s10745-017-9938-x DOI

Krajnc N, Hafner P, Jemec T, Stare D, Karisch-Gierer D, Janusch E, et al. . Collected needs of women and wider gender perspectives in forestry. Freising, Germany: Slovenian Forestry Institute and Bavarian State Institute of Forestry; (2021).

The government of the Czech Republic . Koncepce statni lesnicke politiky do roku 2035 (the concept of state forestry policy until 2035). Prague, the Czech Republic: The government of the Czech Republic. (2020).

Saastamoinen O. Forest policies, access rights and non-wood forest products in northern Europe. Rome, Italy: FAO; (1999).

Cai M, Pettenella D, Vidale E. Income generation from wild mushrooms in marginal rural areas. Forest Policy Econ. (2011) 13:221–6. doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2010.10.001 DOI

Sténs A, Sandström C. Divergent interests and ideas around property rights: the case of berry harvesting in Sweden. Forest Policy Econ. (2013) 33:56–62. doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2012.05.004 DOI

Lovrić M, da Re R, Vidale E, Prokofieva I, Wong J, Pettenella D, et al. . Non-wood forest products in Europe–a quantitative overview. Forest Policy Econ. (2020) 116:102175. doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102175 DOI

Makarov SS, Kuznetsova IB, Chudetsky AI, Rodin SA. Obtaining high-quality planting material of Forest berry plants by clonal micropropagation for restoration of cutover peatlands. For J. (2021) 2021:21–9. doi: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-2-21-29 DOI

Borgulat J, Staszewski T, Łukasik W, Jałowiecki Ł. Mineral status of plants and soil in silver fir stands of the Silesian and Żywiec Beskidy (Western Carpathians). E3S Web Conf. (2017) 17:00008. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20171700008 DOI

Primetta A. Phenolic compounds in the berries of the selected Vaccinium species: The potential for authenticity analyses (PhD Thesis). Joensuu, Finland: University of Eastern Finland; (2014).

Świerkosz K, Reczyńska K, Boublík K. Variability of Abies alba-dominated forests in Central Europe. Centeurjbiol. (2014) 9:495–518. doi: 10.2478/s11535-013-0281-y DOI

Šamonil P, Tomáš V. Trends and cyclical changes in natural fir-beech forests at the north-western edge of the Carpathians. Folia Geobot. (2007) 42:337–61. doi: 10.1007/BF02861699 DOI

Woziwoda B, Dyderski MK, Jagodziński AM. Forest land use discontinuity and northern red oak Quercus rubra introduction change biomass allocation and life strategy of lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea. For Ecosyst. (2021) 8:9. doi: 10.1186/s40663-021-00287-y DOI

Schmitzer V, Veberic R, Stampar F. European elderberry (Sambucus Nigra L.) and American elderberry (Sambucus Canadensis L.): botanical, chemical and health properties of flowers, berries and their products. Berries Properties Consum Nutr. (2012) 2012:127–48.

Nestby R, Percival D, Martinussen I, Opstad N, Rohloff J. The European blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and the potential for cultivation. Eur J Plant Sci Biotechnol. (2011) 5:5–16.

Yao Y, Shao M, Fu X, Wang X, Wei X. Effects of shrubs on soil nutrients and enzymatic activities over a 0–100 cm soil profile in the desert-loess transition zone. Catena. (2019) 174:362–70. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2018.11.031 DOI

Yurgel SN, Douglas GM, Dusault A, Percival D, Langille MGI. Dissecting community structure in wild blueberry root and soil microbiome. Front Microbiol. (2018) 9:1187. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01187, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Komárek M, Chrastný V, Štíchová J. Metal/metalloid contamination and isotopic composition of lead in edible mushrooms and forest soils originating from a smelting area. Environ Int. (2007) 33:677–84. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.02.001, PMID: PubMed DOI

Petrželová I, Sochor M. How useful is the current species recognition concept for the determination of true morels? Insights from the Czech Republic. MycoKeys. (2019) 52:17–43. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.52.32335, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Stojek K, Gillerot L, Jaroszewicz B. Predictors of mushroom production in the European temperate mixed deciduous forest. For Ecol Manag. (2022) 522:120451. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120451 DOI

Elisabetta B, Flavia G, Paolo F, Giorgio L, Attilio SG, Fiorella LS, et al. . Nutritional profile and productivity of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in different habitats of a protected area of the eastern Italian Alps. J Food Sci. (2013) 78:C673–8. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12120, PMID: PubMed DOI

Skřivánková Ţ. Aktuální Výţivové Doporučení v Teorii a PRAXI Diplomová práce. Olomouc, the Czech Republic: Katedra antropologie a zdravovědy. Pedagogická fakulta. Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci. (2012).

Dujmović Purgar D, Duralija B, Voća S, Vokurka A, Ercisli S. A comparison of fruit chemical characteristics of two wild grown Rubus species from different locations of Croatia. Molecules. (2012) 17:10390–8. doi: 10.3390/molecules170910390, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Gündeşli MA, Korkmaz N, Okatan V. Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of berries: a review. Int J Agric For Life Sci. (2019) 3:350–61.

Akin M, Eyduran SP, Ercisli S, Kapchina-Toteva V, Eyduran E. Phytochemical profiles of wild blackberries, black and white mulberries from southern Bulgaria. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. (2016) 30:899–906. doi: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1204943 DOI

Malinowski R, Sotek Z, Stasińska M, Malinowska K, Radke P, Malinowska A. Bioaccumulation of macronutrients in edible mushrooms in various habitat conditions of NW Poland–role in the human diet. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:8881. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168881, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information Prague . Czech food composition database. Version 8.20. (2020). Available at: https://www.nutridatabaze.cz/en/. (Accessed Jul 6, 2023).

Aloupi M, Koutrotsios G, Koulousaris M, Kalogeropoulos N. Trace metal contents in wild edible mushrooms growing on serpentine and volcanic soils on the island of Lesvos, Greece. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. (2012) 78:184–94. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.11.018, PMID: PubMed DOI

Mirończuk-Chodakowska I, Socha K, Zujko ME, Terlikowska KM, Borawska MH, Witkowska AM. Copper, manganese, selenium and zinc in wild-growing edible mushrooms from the eastern territory of “green lungs of Poland”: nutritional and toxicological implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2019) 16:3614. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16193614, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Procházka P, Soukupová J, Mullen KJ, Tomšík K, Čábelková I. Wild mushrooms as a source of protein: a case study from Central Europe, especially the Czech Republic. Foods. (2023) 12:934. doi: 10.3390/foods12050934, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Bischofova S, Dofkova M, Blahova J, Kavrik R, Nevrla J, Rehurkova I, et al. . Dietary intake of vitamin D in the Czech population: a comparison with dietary reference values, Main food sources identified by a Total diet study. Nutrients. (2018) 10:1452. doi: 10.3390/nu10101452, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Těšínský P, Novák F, Pražanová I, Růžičková L, Karbanová M, Krobot M, et al. . Bulletin of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (Věstník. Ministerstva Zdravotnictví České republiky). Prague, the Czech Republic: Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic. (2020).

Kruttschnitt E, Wegener T, Zahner C, Henzen-Bücking S. Assessment of the efficacy and safety of ivy leaf (Hedera helix) cough syrup compared with acetylcysteine in adults and children with acute bronchitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2020) 2020, 2020:1–7. doi: 10.1155/2020/1910656, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Larcher F, Pomatto E, Battisti L, Gullino P, Devecchi M. Perceptions of urban green areas during the social distancing period for COVID-19 containment in Italy. Horticulturae. (2021) 7:55. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae7030055 DOI

Kolimenakis A, Solomou AD, Proutsos N, Avramidou EV, Korakaki E, Karetsos G, et al. . Public perceptions of the socioeconomic importance of urban green areas in the era of COVID-19: a case study of a Nationwide survey in Greece. Land. (2022) 11:2290. doi: 10.3390/land11122290 DOI

Beckmann-Wübbelt A, Fricke A, Sebesvari Z, Yakouchenkova IA, Fröhlich K, Saha S. High public appreciation for the cultural ecosystem services of urban and peri-urban forests during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustain Cities Soc. (2021) 74:103240. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103240 DOI

Czech Statistical Office . Information Society in Figures - 2019. (2023). Available at: https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/information-society-in-figures-2018. (Accessed Jul 11, 2023).

di Cori V, Franceschinis C, Robert N, Pettenella DM, Thiene M. Moral foundations and willingness to pay for non-wood Forest products: a study in three European countries. Sustainability. (2021) 13:13445. doi: 10.3390/su132313445 DOI

Bonyadi N, Dolatkhah N, Salekzamani Y, Hashemian M. Effect of berry-based supplements and foods on cognitive function: a systematic review. Sci Rep. (2022) 12:3239. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07302-4, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Kakon AJ, Choudhury MBK, Saha S. Mushroom is an ideal food supplement. J Dhaka Natl Med Coll Hosp. (2012) 18:58–62. doi: 10.3329/jdnmch.v18i1.12243 DOI

Ziemlewska A, Zagórska-Dziok M, Nizioł-Łukaszewska Z. Assessment of cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties of berry leaves as by-products with potential application in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Sci Rep. (2021) 11:3240. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82207-2, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC