Nepeta nuda L. is a medicinal plant enriched with secondary metabolites serving to attract pollinators and deter herbivores. Phenolics and iridoids of N. nuda have been extensively investigated because of their beneficial impacts on human health. This study explores the chemical profiles of in vitro shoots and wild-grown N. nuda plants (flowers and leaves) through metabolomic analysis utilizing gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Initially, we examined the differences in the volatiles' composition in in vitro-cultivated shoots comparing them with flowers and leaves from plants growing in natural environment. The characteristic iridoid 4a-α,7-β,7a-α-nepetalactone was highly represented in shoots of in vitro plants and in flowers of plants from nature populations, whereas most of the monoterpenes were abundant in leaves of wild-grown plants. The known in vitro biological activities encompassing antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial potentials alongside the newly assessed anti-inflammatory effects exhibited consistent associations with the total content of phenolics, reducing sugars, and the identified metabolic profiles in polar (organic acids, amino acids, alcohols, sugars, phenolics) and non-polar (fatty acids, alkanes, sterols) fractions. Phytohormonal levels were also quantified to infer the regulatory pathways governing phytochemical production. The overall dataset highlighted compounds with the potential to contribute to N. nuda bioactivity.

Department of Agrobiotechnology Agrobioinstitute Agricultural Academy 1164 Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Biology Sofia University 1164 Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology Faculty of Biology Sofia University 1164 Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 1113 Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Plant Physiology Faculty of Biology Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski 1164 Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Plant Physiology Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković National Institute of the Republic of Serbia University of Belgrade 11060 Belgrade Serbia

Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences 165 02 Praha Czech Republic

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