Primates are an important source of infectious disease in humans. Strongyloidiasis affects an estimated 600 million people worldwide, with a global distribution and hotspots of infection in tropical and subtropical regions. Recently added to the list of neglected tropical diseases, global attention has been demanded in the drive for its control. Through a literature review of Strongyloides in humans and non-human primates (NHP), we analysed the most common identification methods and gaps in knowledge about this nematode genus. The rise of molecular-based methods for Strongyloides detection is evident in both humans and NHP and provides an opportunity to analyse all data available from primates. Dogs were also included as an important host species of Strongyloides and a potential bridge host between humans and NHP. This review highlights the lack of molecular data across all hosts-humans, NHP and dogs-with the latter highly underrepresented in the database. Despite the cosmopolitan nature of Strongyloides, there are still large gaps in our knowledge for certain species when considering transmission and pathogenicity. We suggest that a unified approach to Strongyloides detection be taken, with an optimized, repeatable molecular-based method to improve our understanding of this parasitic infection. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.

Department of Anthropology Faculty of Science Masaryk University 611 37 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague 165 00 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Institute of Vertebrate Biology Czech Academy of Sciences 603 00 Brno Czech Republic

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High-throughput sequencing of Strongyloides stercoralis - a fatal disseminated infection in a dog

Strongyloides in non-human primates: significance for public health control