Unlike conventional drug substances, herbal medicines are composed of a complex of biologically active compounds. Therefore, the potential occurrence of herb-drug interactions is even more probable than for drug-drug interactions. Interactions can occur on both the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic level. Herbal medicines may affect the resulting efficacy of the concomitantly used (synthetic) drugs, mainly on the pharmacokinetic level, by changing their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Studies on the pharmacodynamic interactions of herbal medicines and conventional drugs are still very limited. This interaction level is related to the mechanism of action of different plant constituents. Herb-drug interactions can cause changes in drug levels and activities and lead to therapeutic failure and/or side effects (sometimes toxicities, even fatal). This review aims to provide a summary of recent information on the potential drug interactions involving commonly used herbal medicines that affect the central nervous system (Camellia, Valeriana, Ginkgo, Hypericum, Humulus, Cannabis) and conventional drugs. The survey databases were used to identify primary scientific publications, case reports, and secondary databases on interactions were used later on as well. Search keywords were based on plant names (botanical genera), officinal herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations, herbal drug extracts.

Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany Faculty of Pharmacy Comenius University Bratislava Bratislava Slovak Republic

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Charles University Hradec Králové Czech Republic

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European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023c. Ginkgo leaf.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023d. Green tea.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023e. Guarana.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023f. Herbal drug extracts.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023g. Herbal drug preparations.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023h. Herbal drugs.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023i. Hop strobile.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023j. Mate leaf.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023k. St. John’s wort dry extract, quantified.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023l. St. John’s wort.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023m. Valerian dry aqueous extract.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023n. Valerian dry hydroalcoholic extract.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023o. Valerian root.

European Pharmacopoeia . European Pharmacopoeia. Eleventh Edition. Strasbourg, France: EDQM; 2023p. Valerian root, cut.

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