Global change has accelerated local species extinctions and colonizations, often resulting in losses and gains of evolutionary lineages with unique features. Do these losses and gains occur randomly across the phylogeny? We quantified: temporal changes in plant phylogenetic diversity (PD); and the phylogenetic relatedness (PR) of lost and gained species in 2672 semi-permanent vegetation plots in European temperate forest understories resurveyed over an average period of 40 yr. Controlling for differences in species richness, PD increased slightly over time and across plots. Moreover, lost species within plots exhibited a higher degree of PR than gained species. This implies that gained species originated from a more diverse set of evolutionary lineages than lost species. Certain lineages also lost and gained more species than expected by chance, with Ericaceae, Fabaceae, and Orchidaceae experiencing losses and Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae, and Rosaceae showing gains. Species losses and gains displayed no significant phylogenetic signal in response to changes in macroclimatic conditions and nitrogen deposition. As anthropogenic global change intensifies, temperate forest understories experience losses and gains in specific phylogenetic branches and ecological strategies, while the overall mean PD remains relatively stable.

El canvi global ha accelerat les extincions i colonitzacions a escala local, cosa que sovint ha suposat pèrdues i guanys de llinatges evolutius amb característiques singulars. Ara bé, aquestes pèrdues i guanys ocorren aleatòriament al llarg de la filogènia? En aquest estudi quantifiquem: els canvis temporals en la diversitat filogenètica de les plantes; i la relació filogenètica de les espècies perdudes i guanyades en 2.672 parcel·les de vegetació semi-permanent en sotaboscos temperats europeus i re-mostrejades durant un període mitjà de 40 anys. En controlar per les diferències en la riquesa d’espècies, la diversitat filogenètica va augmentar lleugerament amb el temps i entre parcel·les. A més, les espècies perdudes dins de les parcel·les presentaven un grau més alt de relació filogenètica que les espècies guanyades. Això implica que les espècies guanyades s’originaren en un conjunt de llinatges evolutius més diversos que les espècies perdudes. Certs llinatges també van perdre i van guanyar més espècies de les esperades aleatòriament: Ericaceae, Fabaceae i Orchidaceae van experimentar pèrdues i Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae i Rosaceae van mostrar guanys. Les pèrdues i els guanys d’espècies no van mostrar cap senyal filogenètic significatiu en resposta als canvis en les condicions macro-climàtiques i la deposició de nitrogen. A mesura que s’intensifica el canvi global antropogènic, els sotaboscos temperats experimenten pèrdues i guanys en branques filogenètiques i estratègies ecològiques específiques, mentre que la diversitat filogenètica mitjana general roman relativament constant.

Białowieża Geobotanical Station Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Białowieża 17230 Poland

Center for Computation and Technology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70808 USA

Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Spain

Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA

Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno 61137 Czech Republic

Department of Botany Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Wrocław Wrocław 50328 Poland

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Palacký University in Olomouc Olomouc 78371 Czech Republic

Department of Botany University of Wisconsin Madison Madison WI 53706 USA

Department of Plant Systematics Ecology and Theoretical Biology Institute of Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest H 1117 Hungary

Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones Georg August University Göttingen Göttingen 37077 Germany

Department of Vegetation Ecology Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Brno 60200 Czech Republic

Environment Agency Austria Ecosystem Research and Environmental Information Management Vienna 1090 Austria

Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha 16500 Czech Republic

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha 16521 Czech Republic

Faculty of Forestry Technical University in Zvolen Zvolen 96001 Slovakia

Forest and Nature Lab Ghent University Melle Gontrode B 9090 Belgium

General Botany Institute for Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam 14469 Germany

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Leipzig 04103 Germany

HUN REN UD Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group Debrecen 4032 Hungary

Institute of Biology Biotechnology and Environmental Protection Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Silesia Katowice 40007 Poland

Institute of Biology University of Rzeszów Rzeszów 35601 Poland

Institute of Botany Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University in Kraków Kraków 30387 Poland

Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice 25243 Czech Republic

Institute of Ecology and Evolution Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena 07743 Germany

Institute of Ecology University of Bremen Bremen 28334 Germany

Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research Müncheberg 15374 Germany

Museum of Natural History Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Wrocław Wrocław 50335 Poland

National Forest Centre Zvolen 96001 Slovakia

UMR CNRS 7058 'Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés' Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens 80037 France

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Spain

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Long-term nitrogen deposition reduces the diversity of nitrogen-fixing plants