How barriers to gene flow arise and are maintained are key questions in evolutionary biology. Speciation research has mainly focused on barriers that occur either before mating or after zygote formation. In comparison, postmating prezygotic (PMPZ) isolation-a barrier that acts after gamete release but before zygote formation-is less frequently investigated but may hold a unique role in generating biodiversity. Here we discuss the distinctive features of PMPZ isolation, including the primary drivers and molecular mechanisms underpinning PMPZ isolation. We then present the first comprehensive survey of PMPZ isolation research, revealing that it is a widespread form of prezygotic isolation across eukaryotes. The survey also exposes obstacles in studying PMPZ isolation, in part attributable to the challenges involved in directly measuring PMPZ isolation and uncovering its causal mechanisms. Finally, we identify outstanding knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for improving future research on PMPZ isolation. This will allow us to better understand the nature of this often-neglected reproductive barrier and its contribution to speciation.

Applied Zoology Faculty of Biology Technische Universität Dresden Dresden 01062 Germany

Department of Aquatic Ecology Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf 8600 Zürich Switzerland

Department of Biological Sciences Miami University Hamilton Ohio 45011 USA

Department of Biological Sciences University of Denver Denver Colorado 80208 USA

Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada

Department of Ecology and Genetics Animal Ecology Uppsala University Uppsala 75236 Sweden

Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague 128 00 Czech Republic

Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm 109 61 Sweden

Division of Science Mathematics and Technology Governors State University University Park Illinois 60484 USA

Institute of Vertebrate Biology Czech Academy of Sciences Brno 60365 Czech Republic

Natural History Museum University of Oslo 0318 Oslo Norway

School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Queensland Australia

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