We investigate the electronic structure of aromatic radical anions in the solution phase employing a combination of liquid-jet (LJ) photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy measurements and electronic structure calculations. By using recently developed protocols, we accurately determine the vertical ionization energies of valence electrons of both the solvent and the solute molecules. In particular, we first characterize the pure solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF) by LJ-PE measurements in conjunction with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and G0W0 calculations. Next, we determine the electronic structure of neutral naphthalene (Np) and benzophenone (Bp) as well as their radical anion counterparts Np- and Bp- in THF. Wherever feasible, we performed orbital assignments of the measured PE features of the aromatic radical anions, with comparisons to UV-vis absorption spectra of the corresponding neutral molecules being instrumental in rationalizing the assignments. Analysis of the electronic structure differences between the neutral species and their anionic counterparts provides understanding of the primarily electrostatic stabilization of the radical anions in solution. Finally, we obtain a very good agreement of the reduction potentials extracted from the present LJ-PES measurements of Np- and Bp- in THF with previous electrochemical data from cyclic voltammetry measurements. In this context, we discuss how the choice of solvent holds significant implications for optimizing conditions for the Birch reduction process, wherein aromatic radical anions play crucial roles as reactive intermediates.

Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 United States

Fritz Haber Institut der Max Planck Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4 6 14195 Berlin Germany

Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn Meitner Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nám 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic

J Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 18223 Prague Czech Republic

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