The rapid evolution of technologies is a key innovation in the organisation and management of physical activities (PA) and sports. The increase in benefits and opportunities related to the adoption of technologies for both the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and the management of chronic diseases is evident. In the field of telehealth, these devices provide personalised recommendations, workout monitoring and injury prevention. The study aimed to provide an overview of the landscape of technology application to PA organised to promote active lifestyles and improve chronic disease management. This review identified specific areas of focus for the selection of articles: the utilisation of mobile APPs and technological devices for enhancing weight loss, improving cardiovascular health, managing diabetes and cancer and preventing osteoporosis and cognitive decline. A multifactorial intervention delivered via mobile APPs, which integrates PA while managing diet or promoting social interaction, is unquestionably more effective than a singular intervention. The main finding related to promoting PA and a healthy lifestyle through app usage is associated with "behaviour change techniques". Even when individuals stop using the APP, they often maintain the structured or suggested lifestyle habits initially provided by the APP. Various concerns regarding the excessive use of APPs need to be addressed.

Department of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Molise 86100 Campobasso Italy

Department of Movement Human and Health Sciences University of Rome Foro Italico 00135 Rome Italy

Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement University of Verona 37129 Verona Italy

Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava 70103 Ostrava Czech Republic

Faculty of Psychology eCampus University 22060 Novedrate Italy

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Wilke J., Mohr L. Chronic Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training on Motor Function: A Systematic Review with Multilevel Meta-Analysis. Sci. Rep. 2020;10:21680. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78615-5. PubMed DOI PMC

Bonilla D.A., Peralta-Alzate J.O., Bonilla-Henao J.A., Cannataro R., Cardozo L.A., Vargas-Molina S., Stout J.R., Kreider R.B., Petro J.L. Insights into Non-Exercise Physical Activity on Control of Body Mass: A Review with Practical Recommendations. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023;8:44. doi: 10.3390/jfmk8020044. PubMed DOI PMC

An H.-Y., Chen W., Wang C.-W., Yang H.-F., Huang W.-T., Fan S.-Y. The Relationships between Physical Activity and Life Satisfaction and Happiness among Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. Int. J. Env. Res. Public. Health. 2020;17:4817. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17134817. PubMed DOI PMC

Wilke J., Mohr L., Yuki G., Bhundoo A.K., Jiménez-Pavón D., Laiño F., Murphy N., Novak B., Nuccio S., Ortega-Gómez S., et al. Train at Home, but Not Alone: A Randomised Controlled Multicentre Trial Assessing the Effects of Live-Streamed Tele-Exercise during COVID-19-Related Lockdowns. Br. J. Sports Med. 2022;56:667–675. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104994. PubMed DOI

Wiese C.W., Kuykendall L., Tay L. Get Active? A Meta-Analysis of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Subjective Well-Being. J. Posit. Psychol. 2018;13:57–66. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1374436. DOI

Stavrou V.T., Astara K., Ioannidis P., Vavougios G.D., Daniil Z., Gourgoulianis K.I. Tele-Exercise in Non-Hospitalized versus Hospitalized Post-COVID-19 Patients. Sports. 2022;10:179. doi: 10.3390/sports10110179. PubMed DOI PMC

Marasco I., Niro G., Demir S.M., Marzano L., Fachechi L., Rizzi F., Demarchi D., Motto Ros P., D’Orazio A., Grande M., et al. Wearable Heart Rate Monitoring Device Communicating in 5G ISM Band for IoHT. Bioengineering. 2023;10:113. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10010113. PubMed DOI PMC

Concheiro-Moscoso P., Groba B., Alvarez-Estevez D., Miranda-Duro M.d.C., Pousada T., Nieto-Riveiro L., Mejuto-Muiño F.J., Pereira J. Quality of Sleep Data Validation From the Xiaomi Mi Band 5 Against Polysomnography: Comparison Study. J. Med. Int. Res. 2023;25:e42073. doi: 10.2196/42073. PubMed DOI PMC

Paulauskaite-Taraseviciene A., Siaulys J., Sutiene K., Petravicius T., Navickas S., Oliandra M., Rapalis A., Balciunas J. Geriatric Care Management System Powered by the IoT and Computer Vision Techniques. Healthcare. 2023;11:1152. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11081152. PubMed DOI PMC

Thorne C.S., Gatt A., DeRaffaele C., Bazena A., Formosa C. Innovative Single-Sensor, in-Shoe Pressure and Temperature Monitoring Device: A Dynamic Laboratory Validation Study. Gait Posture. 2023;100:70–74. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.11.013. PubMed DOI

Tison G.H., Avram R., Kuhar P., Abreau S., Marcus G.M., Pletcher M.J., Olgin J.E. Worldwide Effect of COVID-19 on Physical Activity: A Descriptive Study. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020;173:767–770. doi: 10.7326/M20-2665. PubMed DOI PMC

Ozaslan B., Patek S.D., Breton M.D. Impact of Daily Physical Activity as Measured by Commonly Available Wearables on Mealtime Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2020;22:742–748. doi: 10.1089/dia.2019.0517. PubMed DOI PMC

Ho V., Merchant R.A. The Acceptability of Digital Technology and Tele-Exercise in the Age of COVID-19: Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Aging. 2022;5:e33165. doi: 10.2196/33165. PubMed DOI PMC

Rejeb A., Rejeb K., Treiblmaier H., Appolloni A., Alghamdi S., Alhasawi Y., Iranmanesh M. The Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare: Taking Stock and Moving Forward. Internet Things. 2023;22:100721. doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2023.100721. DOI

Novatchkov H., Baca A. Artificial Intelligence in Sports on the Example of Weight Training. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2013;12:27–37. PubMed PMC

Simek E.M., McPhate L., Haines T.P. Adherence to and Efficacy of Home Exercise Programs to Prevent Falls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Exercise Program Characteristics. Prev. Med. 2012;55:262–275. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.07.007. PubMed DOI

Fiorilli G., Buonsenso A., Di Martino G., Crova C., Centorbi M., Grazioli E., Tranchita E., Cerulli C., Quinzi F., Calcagno G., et al. Impact of Active Breaks in the Classroom on Mathematical Performance and Attention in Elementary School Children. Healthcare. 2021;9:1689. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9121689. PubMed DOI PMC

Böhm B., Karwiese S.D., Böhm H., Oberhoffer R. Effects of Mobile Health Including Wearable Activity Trackers to Increase Physical Activity Outcomes Among Healthy Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019;7:e8298. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.8298. PubMed DOI PMC

Helbostad J., Vereijken B., Becker C., Todd C., Taraldsen K., Pijnappels M., Aminian K., Mellone S. Mobile Health Applications to Promote Active and Healthy Ageing. Sensors. 2017;17:622. doi: 10.3390/s17030622. PubMed DOI PMC

Valenzuela T., Okubo Y., Woodbury A., Lord S.R., Delbaere K. Adherence to Technology-Based Exercise Programs in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther. 2018;41:49–61. doi: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000095. PubMed DOI

Klenk S., Reifegerste D., Renatus R. Gender Differences in Gratifications from Fitness App Use and Implications for Health Interventions. Mob. Media Commun. 2017;5:178–193. doi: 10.1177/2050157917691557. DOI

Xu P., Chen J.-S., Chang Y.-L., Wang X., Jiang X., Griffiths M.D., Pakpour A.H., Lin C.-Y. Gender Differences in the Associations Between Physical Activity, Smartphone Use, and Weight Stigma. Front. Public Health. 2022;10:862829. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.862829. PubMed DOI PMC

Emmer C., Bosnjak M., Mata J. The Association between Weight Stigma and Mental Health: A Meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 2020;21:e12935. doi: 10.1111/obr.12935. PubMed DOI

Branca F., Ursu P., Aguayo V. A Plan for Accelerated Action on Obesity. Lancet Glob. Health. 2023;11:e1170–e1171. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00257-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Jospe M.R., Roy M., Brown R.C., Williams S.M., Osborne H.R., Meredith-Jones K.A., McArthur J.R., Fleming E.A., Taylor R.W. The Effect of Different Types of Monitoring Strategies on Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obesity. 2017;25:1490–1498. doi: 10.1002/oby.21898. PubMed DOI

Mensah G.A., Roth G.A., Fuster V. The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2019;74:2529–2532. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.10.009. PubMed DOI

Tzenios N., Tazanios M.E., Chahine M. The Impact of Body Mass Index on Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine. 2022;101:e30191. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030191. PubMed DOI PMC

World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Estimates 2020: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2019. WHO; Geneva, Switzerland: 2020.

Guh D.P., Zhang W., Bansback N., Amarsi Z., Birmingham C.L., Anis A.H. The Incidence of Co-Morbidities Related to Obesity and Overweight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:88. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-88. PubMed DOI PMC

Raber M., Liao Y., Rara A., Schembre S.M., Krause K.J., Strong L., Daniel-MacDougall C., Basen-Engquist K. A Systematic Review of the Use of Dietary Self-Monitoring in Behavioural Weight Loss Interventions: Delivery, Intensity and Effectiveness. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24:5885–5913. doi: 10.1017/S136898002100358X. PubMed DOI PMC

Berglind D., Yacaman-Mendez D., Lavebratt C., Forsell Y. The Effect of Smartphone Apps Versus Supervised Exercise on Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Body Composition Among Individuals With Mild-to-Moderate Mobility Disability: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8:e14615. doi: 10.2196/14615. PubMed DOI PMC

Balk-Møller N.C., Poulsen S.K., Larsen T.M. Effect of a Nine-Month Web- and App-Based Workplace Intervention to Promote Healthy Lifestyle and Weight Loss for Employees in the Social Welfare and Health Care Sector: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 2017;19:e108. doi: 10.2196/jmir.6196. PubMed DOI PMC

Fukuoka Y., Gay C.L., Joiner K.L., Vittinghoff E. A Novel Diabetes Prevention Intervention Using a Mobile App. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2015;49:223–237. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.003. PubMed DOI PMC

Stephens J.D., Yager A.M., Allen J. Smartphone Technology and Text Messaging for Weight Loss in Young Adults. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2017;32:39–46. doi: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000307. PubMed DOI PMC

Hernández-Reyes A., Cámara-Martos F., Molina-Luque R., Moreno-Rojas R. Effect of an MHealth Intervention Using a Pedometer App With Full In-Person Counseling on Body Composition of Overweight Adults: Randomized Controlled Weight Loss Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8:e16999. doi: 10.2196/16999. PubMed DOI PMC

Recio-Rodriguez J.I., Agudo-Conde C., Martin-Cantera C., González-Viejo M.N., Fernandez-Alonso M.D.C., Arietaleanizbeaskoa M.S., Schmolling-Guinovart Y., Maderuelo-Fernandez J.-A., Rodriguez-Sanchez E., Gomez-Marcos M.A., et al. Short-Term Effectiveness of a Mobile Phone App for Increasing Physical Activity and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Primary Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial (EVIDENT II Study) J. Med. Internet Res. 2016;18:e331. doi: 10.2196/jmir.6814. PubMed DOI PMC

Hutchesson M., Callister R., Morgan P., Pranata I., Clarke E., Skinner G., Ashton L., Whatnall M., Jones M., Oldmeadow C., et al. A Targeted and Tailored EHealth Weight Loss Program for Young Women: The Be Positive Be Healthe Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare. 2018;6:39. doi: 10.3390/healthcare6020039. PubMed DOI PMC

Naimark J.S., Madar Z., Shahar D.R. The Impact of a Web-Based App (EBalance) in Promoting Healthy Lifestyles: Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 2015;17:e56. doi: 10.2196/jmir.3682. PubMed DOI PMC

Lugones-Sanchez C., Sanchez-Calavera M.A., Repiso-Gento I., Adalia E.G., Ramirez-Manent J.I., Agudo-Conde C., Rodriguez-Sanchez E., Gomez-Marcos M.A., Recio-Rodriguez J.I., Garcia-Ortiz L. Effectiveness of an MHealth Intervention Combining a Smartphone App and Smart Band on Body Composition in an Overweight and Obese Population: Randomized Controlled Trial (EVIDENT 3 Study) JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8:e21771. doi: 10.2196/21771. PubMed DOI PMC

Cadmus-Bertram L.A., Marcus B.H., Patterson R.E., Parker B.A., Morey B.L. Randomized Trial of a Fitbit-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Women. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2015;49:414–418. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.020. PubMed DOI PMC

Pradal-Cano L., Lozano-Ruiz C., Pereyra-Rodríguez J.J., Saigí-Rubió F., Bach-Faig A., Esquius L., Medina F.X., Aguilar-Martínez A. Using Mobile Applications to Increase Physical Activity: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:8238. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17218238. PubMed DOI PMC

Chew H.S.J., Rajasegaran N.N., Chin Y.H., Chew W.S.N., Kim K.M. Effectiveness of Combined Health Coaching and Self-Monitoring Apps on Weight-Related Outcomes in People With Overweight and Obesity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Med. Internet Res. 2023;25:e42432. doi: 10.2196/42432. PubMed DOI PMC

Milne-Ives M., Homer S.R., Andrade J., Meinert E. Potential Associations between Behavior Change Techniques and Engagement with Mobile Health Apps: A Systematic Review. Front. Psychol. 2023;14 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1227443. PubMed DOI PMC

Leon A.S., Franklin B.A., Costa F., Balady G.J., Berra K.A., Stewart K.J., Thompson P.D., Williams M.A., Lauer M.S. Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation. 2005;111:369–376. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000151788.08740.5C. PubMed DOI

di Cagno A., Fiorilli G., Buonsenso A., Di Martino G., Centorbi M., Angiolillo A., Calcagno G., Komici K., Di Costanzo A. Long-Term Physical Activity Effectively Reduces the Consumption of Antihypertensive Drugs: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023;10:285. doi: 10.3390/jcdd10070285. PubMed DOI PMC

Murtagh E.M., Nichols L., Mohammed M.A., Holder R., Nevill A.M., Murphy M.H. The Effect of Walking on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Control Trials. Prev. Med. 2015;72:34–43. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.041. PubMed DOI

Delva S., Mendez K.J.W., Cajita M., Koirala B., Shan R., Wongvibulsin S., Vilarino V., Gilmore D.R., Han H.-R. Efficacy of Mobile Health for Self-Management of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2021;36:34–55. doi: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000659. PubMed DOI PMC

Sequi-Dominguez I., Alvarez-Bueno C., Martinez-Vizcaino V., Fernandez-Rodriguez R., del Saz Lara A., Cavero-Redondo I. Effectiveness of Mobile Health Interventions Promoting Physical Activity and Lifestyle Interventions to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk Among Individuals With Metabolic Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020;22:e17790. doi: 10.2196/17790. PubMed DOI PMC

Patterson K., Davey R., Keegan R., Kunstler B., Woodward A., Freene N. Behaviour Change Techniques in Cardiovascular Disease Smartphone Apps to Improve Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2022;19:81. doi: 10.1186/s12966-022-01319-8. PubMed DOI PMC

Burke L.E., Ma J., Azar K.M.J., Bennett G.G., Peterson E.D., Zheng Y., Riley W., Stephens J., Shah S.H., Suffoletto B., et al. Current Science on Consumer Use of Mobile Health for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Circulation. 2015;132:1157–1213. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000232. PubMed DOI PMC

Schorr E.N., Gepner A.D., Dolansky M.A., Forman D.E., Park L.G., Petersen K.S., Still C.H., Wang T.Y., Wenger N.K. Harnessing Mobile Health Technology for Secondary Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Older Adults: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes. 2021;14:e000103. doi: 10.1161/HCQ.0000000000000103. PubMed DOI

Lai W.X., Visaria A., Østbye T., Malhotra R. Prevalence and Correlates of Use of Digital Technology for Managing Hypertension among Older Adults. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2023;37:80–87. doi: 10.1038/s41371-022-00654-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Dunlay S.M., Weston S.A., Killian J.M., Bell M.R., Jaffe A.S., Roger V.L. Thirty-Day Rehospitalizations After Acute Myocardial Infarction. Ann. Intern. Med. 2012;157:11. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-157-1-201207030-00004. PubMed DOI PMC

Johnston N., Bodegard J., Jerström S., Åkesson J., Brorsson H., Alfredsson J., Albertsson P.A., Karlsson J.-E., Varenhorst C. Effects of Interactive Patient Smartphone Support App on Drug Adherence and Lifestyle Changes in Myocardial Infarction Patients: A Randomized Study. Am. Heart J. 2016;178:85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.05.005. PubMed DOI

Saleh Z.T., Elshatarat R.A., Almarwani A.M., Alzahrani N.S., Alhowaymel F.M., Elhefnawy K.A., Elneblawi N.H., Ibrahim A.M., Zaghamir D.E., Shawashi T.O. Predictors of Physical Activity Behavior Change among Patients with Heart Failure Enrolled in Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Intervention. Heart Lung. 2023;61:16–21. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2023.04.003. PubMed DOI

Zhou M., Xu Y., Zhang L., Yang Y., Zheng J. Effectiveness of Smartphone-Assisted Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Disabil. Rehabil. 2023:1–10. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2244883. PubMed DOI

Kanejima Y., Kitamura M., Izawa K.P. Self-Monitoring to Increase Physical Activity in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2019;31:163–173. doi: 10.1007/s40520-018-0960-7. PubMed DOI

Hägglund E., Lyngå P., Frie F., Ullman B., Persson H., Melin M., Hagerman I. Patient-Centred Home-Based Management of Heart Failure. Scand. Cardiovasc. J. 2015;49:193–199. doi: 10.3109/14017431.2015.1035319. PubMed DOI

Persell S.D., Peprah Y.A., Lipiszko D., Lee J.Y., Li J.J., Ciolino J.D., Karmali K.N., Sato H. Effect of Home Blood Pressure Monitoring via a Smartphone Hypertension Coaching Application or Tracking Application on Adults With Uncontrolled Hypertension. JAMA Netw. Open. 2020;3:e200255. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0255. PubMed DOI PMC

Su J.J., Liu J.Y.W., Cheung D.S.K., Wang S., Christensen M., Kor P.P.K., Tyrovolas S., Leung A.Y.M. Long-Term Effects of e-Health Secondary Prevention on Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2023;22:562–574. doi: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvac116. PubMed DOI

Widmer R.J., Allison T.G., Lerman L.O., Lerman A. Digital Health Intervention as an Adjunct to Cardiac Rehabilitation Reduces Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Rehospitalizations. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 2015;8:283–292. doi: 10.1007/s12265-015-9629-1. PubMed DOI PMC

Ter Hoeve N., Sunamura M., Stam H.J., Boersma E., Geleijnse M.L., van Domburg R.T., van den Berg-Emons R.J.G. Effects of Two Behavioral Cardiac Rehabilitation Interventions on Physical Activity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Cardiol. 2018;255:221–228. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.015. PubMed DOI

Kitsiou S., Paré G., Jaana M., Gerber B. Effectiveness of MHealth Interventions for Patients with Diabetes: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0173160. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173160. PubMed DOI PMC

Saeedi P., Petersohn I., Salpea P., Malanda B., Karuranga S., Unwin N., Colagiuri S., Guariguata L., Motala A.A., Ogurtsova K., et al. Global and Regional Diabetes Prevalence Estimates for 2019 and Projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th Edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. 2019;157:107843. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843. PubMed DOI

Nundy S., Dick J.J., Chou C.-H., Nocon R.S., Chin M.H., Peek M.E. Mobile Phone Diabetes Project Led To Improved Glycemic Control And Net Savings For Chicago Plan Participants. Health Aff. 2014;33:265–272. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0589. PubMed DOI PMC

Herman W.H., Petersen M., Kalyani R.R. Response to Comment on American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2017. Diabetes Care 2017;40(Suppl. 1):S1–S135. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:e94–e95. doi: 10.2337/dci17-0007. PubMed DOI

MacPherson M.M., Merry K.J., Locke S.R., Jung M.E. Effects of Mobile Health Prompts on Self-Monitoring and Exercise Behaviors Following a Diabetes Prevention Program: Secondary Analysis From a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019;7:e12956. doi: 10.2196/12956. PubMed DOI PMC

Wu Y., Yao X., Vespasiani G., Nicolucci A., Dong Y., Kwong J., Li L., Sun X., Tian H., Li S. Mobile App-Based Interventions to Support Diabetes Self-Management: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials to Identify Functions Associated with Glycemic Efficacy. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2017;5:e35. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.6522. PubMed DOI PMC

Kim E.K., Kwak S.H., Jung H.S., Koo B.K., Moon M.K., Lim S., Jang H.C., Park K.S., Cho Y.M. The Effect of a Smartphone-Based, Patient-Centered Diabetes Care System in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Controlled Trial for 24 Weeks. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:3–9. doi: 10.2337/dc17-2197. PubMed DOI

Dobson R., Whittaker R., Jiang Y., Maddison R., Shepherd M., McNamara C., Cutfield R., Khanolkar M., Murphy R. Effectiveness of Text Message Based, Diabetes Self Management Support Programme (SMS4BG): Two Arm, Parallel Randomised Controlled Trial. BMJ. 2018;361:k1959. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k1959. PubMed DOI PMC

Alonso-Domínguez R., García-Ortiz L., Patino-Alonso M., Sánchez-Aguadero N., Gómez-Marcos M., Recio-Rodríguez J. Effectiveness of A Multifactorial Intervention in Increasing Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: A Controlled and Randomized Study (EMID Study) Nutrients. 2019;11:162. doi: 10.3390/nu11010162. PubMed DOI PMC

Saffari M., Ghanizadeh G., Koenig H.G. Health Education via Mobile Text Messaging for Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Prim. Care Diabetes. 2014;8:275–285. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2014.03.004. PubMed DOI

Duruturk N., Özköslü M.A. Effect of Tele-Rehabilitation on Glucose Control, Exercise Capacity, Physical Fitness, Muscle Strength and Psychosocial Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Prim. Care Diabetes. 2019;13:542–548. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2019.03.007. PubMed DOI

Conroy D.E., Yang C.-H., Maher J.P. Behavior Change Techniques in Top-Ranked Mobile Apps for Physical Activity. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2014;46:649–652. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.01.010. PubMed DOI

Foglietta J., Inno A., de Iuliis F., Sini V., Duranti S., Turazza M., Tarantini L., Gori S. Cardiotoxicity of Aromatase Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Patients. Clin. Breast Cancer. 2017;17:11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.clbc.2016.07.003. PubMed DOI

De Cicco P., Catani M.V., Gasperi V., Sibilano M., Quaglietta M., Savini I. Nutrition and Breast Cancer: A Literature Review on Prevention, Treatment and Recurrence. Nutrients. 2019;11:1514. doi: 10.3390/nu11071514. PubMed DOI PMC

Blair C.K., Harding E., Wiggins C., Kang H., Schwartz M., Tarnower A., Du R., Kinney A.Y. A Home-Based Mobile Health Intervention to Replace Sedentary Time With Light Physical Activity in Older Cancer Survivors: Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. JMIR Cancer. 2021;7:e18819. doi: 10.2196/18819. PubMed DOI PMC

Coughlin S.S., Caplan L.S., Williams V. Home-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Primary Therapy: A Systematic Review. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2019;178:513–522. doi: 10.1007/s10549-019-05424-4. PubMed DOI

Mishra S.I., Scherer R.W., Snyder C., Geigle P.M., Berlanstein D.R., Topaloglu O. Exercise Interventions on Health-Related Quality of Life for People with Cancer during Active Treatment. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012 doi: 10.1111/coa.12015. PubMed DOI PMC

Rock C.L., Doyle C., Demark-Wahnefried W., Meyerhardt J., Courneya K.S., Schwartz A.L., Bandera E.V., Hamilton K.K., Grant B., McCullough M., et al. Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Cancer Survivors. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2012;62:242–274. doi: 10.3322/caac.21142. PubMed DOI

Hutzler Y., Sherrill C. Defining Adapted Physical Activity: International Perspectives. Adapt. Phys. Act. Q. 2007;24:1–20. doi: 10.1123/apaq.24.1.1. PubMed DOI

Lynch A.M., Kilroy S., McKee H., Sheerin F., Epstein M., Girault A., Gillois P., Bosson J.L., Rolland C., Harkin M., et al. Active Older Adults Goal Setting Outcomes for Engaging in a Physical Activity App and the Motivation Characteristics of These Goals (MOVEAGE-ACT) Prev. Med. Rep. 2023;31:102084. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102084. PubMed DOI PMC

Roberts A.L., Potts H.W., Koutoukidis D.A., Smith L., Fisher A. Breast, Prostate, and Colorectal Cancer Survivors’ Experiences of Using Publicly Available Physical Activity Mobile Apps: Qualitative Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019;7:e10918. doi: 10.2196/10918. PubMed DOI PMC

Cheung A.T., Li W.H.C., Ho L.L.K., Ho K.Y., Chan G.C.F., Chung J.O.K. Physical Activity for Pediatric Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J. Cancer Surviv. 2021;15:876–889. doi: 10.1007/s11764-020-00981-w. PubMed DOI PMC

Ha D.M., Comer A., Dollar B., Bedoy R., Ford M., Gozansky W.S., Zeng C., Arch J.J., Leach H.J., Malhotra A., et al. Telemedicine-Based Inspiratory Muscle Training and Walking Promotion with Lung Cancer Survivors Following Curative Intent Therapy: A Parallel-Group Pilot Randomized Trial. Support. Care Cancer. 2023;31:546. doi: 10.1007/s00520-023-07999-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Chow E.J., Doody D.R., Di C., Armenian S.H., Baker K.S., Bricker J.B., Gopal A.K., Hagen A.M., Ketterl T.G., Lee S.J., et al. Feasibility of a Behavioral Intervention Using Mobile Health Applications to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Cancer Survivors: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Cancer Surviv. 2021;15:554–563. doi: 10.1007/s11764-020-00949-w. PubMed DOI PMC

van Eenbergen M.C., van de Poll-Franse L.V., Heine P., Mols F. The Impact of Participation in Online Cancer Communities on Patient Reported Outcomes: Systematic Review. JMIR Cancer. 2017;3:e15. doi: 10.2196/cancer.7312. PubMed DOI PMC

Valle C.G., Diamond M.A., Heiling H.M., Deal A.M., Hales D.P., Nezami B.T., Pinto B.M., LaRose J.G., Rini C.M., Tate D.F. Effect of an MHealth Intervention on Physical Activity Outcomes among Young Adult Cancer Survivors: The IMPACT Randomized Controlled Trial. Cancer. 2023;129:461–472. doi: 10.1002/cncr.34556. PubMed DOI PMC

Short C.E., Finlay A., Sanders I., Maher C. Development and Pilot Evaluation of a Clinic-Based MHealth App Referral Service to Support Adult Cancer Survivors Increase Their Participation in Physical Activity Using Publicly Available Mobile Apps. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2018;18:27. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2818-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Salari N., Ghasemi H., Mohammadi L., Behzadi M.H., Rabieenia E., Shohaimi S., Mohammadi M. The Global Prevalence of Osteoporosis in the World: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 2021;16:609. doi: 10.1186/s13018-021-02772-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang Q., Cai W., Wang G., Shen X. Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Osteoporosis in the Elderly over 70 Years Old: An Epidemiological Study of Several Community Health Centers in Shanghai. Ann. Palliat. Med. 2020;9:231–238. doi: 10.21037/apm.2020.02.09. PubMed DOI

Curtis J.R., Safford M.M. Management of Osteoporosis among the Elderly with Other Chronic Medical Conditions. Drugs Aging. 2012;29:549–564. doi: 10.2165/11599620-000000000-00000. PubMed DOI PMC

Janiszewska M., Kulik T., Żołnierczuk-Kieliszek D., Drop B., Firlej E., Gajewska I. General Self-Efficacy Level and Health Behaviours in Women over the Age of 45 Years Who Have Undergone Osteoporosis Treatment. Menopausal Rev. 2017;3:86–95. doi: 10.5114/pm.2017.70584. PubMed DOI PMC

Fang Z., Ouyang S. Nursing Effect of Health Monitoring System on Elderly Patients with Osteoporosis. BioMed Res. Int. 2022;2022:1447388. doi: 10.1155/2022/1447388. PubMed DOI PMC

Ramadan R., Hussein E., Amr T. Telenursing of Osteoporosis Self-Management for Women Health. Egypt. J. Nurs. Health Sci. 2020;1:42–59. doi: 10.21608/ejnhs.2020.80268. DOI

Guadalupe-Grau A., Fuentes T., Guerra B., Calbet J.A.L. Exercise and Bone Mass in Adults. Sports Med. 2009;39:439–468. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200939060-00002. PubMed DOI

Sanchez-Trigo H., Maher C., Godino J.G., Sañudo B. Effects of an MHealth Physical Activity Intervention to Prevent Osteoporosis in Premenopausal Women. A Randomized Control Trial. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 2023;26:545–552. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.09.004. PubMed DOI

Alhussein G., Hadjileontiadis L. Digital Health Technologies for Long-Term Self-Management of Osteoporosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR mHealth uHealth. 2022;10:e32557. doi: 10.2196/32557. PubMed DOI PMC

Doshi K.B., Moon S.H., Whitaker M.D., Lockhart T.E. Assessment of Gait and Posture Characteristics Using a Smartphone Wearable System for Persons with Osteoporosis with and without Falls. Sci. Rep. 2023;13:538. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27788-w. PubMed DOI PMC

Tang Y., Liu Z., Wang S., Yi Q., Xia Y., Geng B. Development and Validation of a Novel Screening Tool for Osteoporosis in Older US Adults: The NHANES Cross-Sectional Study. Endocrine. 2022;76:446–456. doi: 10.1007/s12020-022-03001-2. PubMed DOI

Ryan P., Brown R.L., Csuka M.E., Papanek P. Efficacy of Osteoporosis Prevention Smartphone App. Nurs. Res. 2020;69:31–41. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000392. PubMed DOI PMC

Ong S.C., Low J.Z., Ooi G.S. Application of Health Belief Model in the Assessment of Factors Affecting Exercise Behaviours in Preventing Osteoporosis. J. Pharm. Health Serv. Res. 2022;13:299–307. doi: 10.1093/jphsr/rmac045. DOI

Birkhoff S.D., Smeltzer S.C. Perceptions of Smartphone User-Centered Mobile Health Tracking Apps Across Various Chronic Illness Populations: An Integrative Review. J. Nurs. Scholarsh. 2017;49:371–378. doi: 10.1111/jnu.12298. PubMed DOI

Livingston G., Huntley J., Sommerlad A., Ames D., Ballard C., Banerjee S., Brayne C., Burns A., Cohen-Mansfield J., Cooper C., et al. Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care: 2020 Report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2020;396:413–446. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6. PubMed DOI PMC

Rasmussen J., Langerman H. Alzheimer’s Disease—Why We Need Early Diagnosis. Degener. Neurol. Neuromuscul. Dis. 2019;9:123–130. doi: 10.2147/DNND.S228939. PubMed DOI PMC

Biazus-Sehn L.F., Schuch F.B., Firth J., Stigger F.d.S. Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Function of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2020;89:104048. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104048. PubMed DOI

Parnetti L., Chipi E., Salvadori N., D’Andrea K., Eusebi P. Prevalence and Risk of Progression of Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease Stages: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 2019;11:7. doi: 10.1186/s13195-018-0459-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Thabtah F., Peebles D., Retzler J., Hathurusingha C. Dementia Medical Screening Using Mobile Applications: A Systematic Review with a New Mapping Model. J. Biomed. Inf. 2020;111:103573. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103573. PubMed DOI

Shellington E.M., Felfeli T., Shigematsu R., Gill D.P., Petrella R.J. HealtheBrain: An Innovative Smartphone Application to Improve Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Mhealth. 2017;3:17. doi: 10.21037/mhealth.2017.04.05. PubMed DOI PMC

Kwan R.Y., Lee D., Lee P.H., Tse M., Cheung D.S., Thiamwong L., Choi K.-S. Effects of an MHealth Brisk Walking Intervention on Increasing Physical Activity in Older People with Cognitive Frailty: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8:e16596. doi: 10.2196/16596. PubMed DOI PMC

King A.C., Hekler E.B., Grieco L.A., Winter S.J., Sheats J.L., Buman M.P., Banerjee B., Robinson T.N., Cirimele J. Harnessing Different Motivational Frames via Mobile Phones to Promote Daily Physical Activity and Reduce Sedentary Behavior in Aging Adults. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e62613. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062613. PubMed DOI PMC

Lugones-Sanchez C., Recio-Rodriguez J.I., Agudo-Conde C., Repiso-Gento I., Adalia E.G., Ramirez-Manent J.I., Sanchez-Calavera M.A., Rodriguez-Sanchez E., Gomez-Marcos M.A., Garcia-Ortiz L. Long-Term Effectiveness of a Smartphone App Combined With a Smart Band on Weight Loss, Physical Activity, and Caloric Intake in a Population With Overweight and Obesity (Evident 3 Study): Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 2022;24:e30416. doi: 10.2196/30416. PubMed DOI PMC

Coelho C.M., Reboredo M.M., Valle F.M., Malaguti C., Campos L.A., Nascimento L.M., Carvalho E.V., Oliveira J.C.A., Pinheiro B.V. Effects of an Unsupervised Pedometer-Based Physical Activity Program on Daily Steps of Adults with Moderate to Severe Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Sports Sci. 2018;36:1186–1193. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1364402. PubMed DOI

Norton K., Norton L., Lewis N. Effects of Short-Term Physical Activity Interventions on Simple and Choice Response Times. BioMed Res. Int. 2016;2016:5613767. doi: 10.1155/2016/5613767. PubMed DOI PMC

Haug S., Castro R.P., Kwon M., Filler A., Kowatsch T., Schaub M.P. Smartphone Use and Smartphone Addiction among Young People in Switzerland. J. Behav. Addict. 2015;4:299–307. doi: 10.1556/2006.4.2015.037. PubMed DOI PMC

Pearson C., Hussain Z. Smartphone Use, Addiction, Narcissism, and Personality. Int. J. Cyber Behav. Psychol. Learn. 2015;5:17–32. doi: 10.4018/ijcbpl.2015010102. DOI

Noë B., Turner L.D., Linden D.E.J., Allen S.M., Winkens B., Whitaker R.M. Identifying Indicators of Smartphone Addiction Through User-App Interaction. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2019;99:56–65. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.023. PubMed DOI PMC