Bipolar disorder (BD) is a heritable mental illness with complex etiology. While the largest published genome-wide association study identified 64 BD risk loci, the causal SNPs and genes within these loci remain unknown. We applied a suite of statistical and functional fine-mapping methods to these loci, and prioritized 17 likely causal SNPs for BD. We mapped these SNPs to genes, and investigated their likely functional consequences by integrating variant annotations, brain cell-type epigenomic annotations, brain quantitative trait loci, and results from rare variant exome sequencing in BD. Convergent lines of evidence supported the roles of genes involved in neurotransmission and neurodevelopment including SCN2A, TRANK1, DCLK3, INSYN2B, SYNE1, THSD7A, CACNA1B, TUBBP5, PLCB3, PRDX5, KCNK4, CRTC3, AP001453.3, TRPT1, FKBP2, DNAJC4, RASGRP1, FURIN, FES, DPH1, GSDMB, MED24 and THRA in BD. These represent promising candidates for functional experiments to understand biological mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Additionally, we demonstrated that fine-mapping effect sizes can improve performance of BD polygenic risk scores across diverse populations, and present a high-throughput fine-mapping pipeline (https://github.com/mkoromina/SAFFARI).

Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA

Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital Bucharest Romania

Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto ON Canada

Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention M Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Warsaw Poland

Center for Mind Brain and Behavior University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen Giessen Germany

Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior Los Angeles CA USA

Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Centre for Human Genetics University of Marburg Marburg Germany

Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK

Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CSIC Madrid Spain

Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA

Clinical Institute of Neuroscience Hospital Clinic University of Barcelona IDIBAPS CIBERSAM Barcelona Spain

Clinical Research Center Shizuoka General Hospital Shizuoka Japan

Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg Essen Duisburg Germany

Department of Clinical Genetics Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Department of Clinical Sciences Psychiatry Umeå University Medical Faculty Umeå Sweden

Department of Complex Trait Genetics Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Environmental Epidemiology Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine Lodz Poland

Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany

Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA

Department of Genetics Microbiology and Statistics Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelo Barcelo Spain Department of Genetics Microbiology and Statistics Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelo Barcelo Catalonia Spain

Department of Genetics Microbiology and Statistics Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain Department of Genetics Microbiology and Statistics Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Catalonia Spain

Department of Health Sciences Research Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA

Department of Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA

Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University Indianapolis IN USA

Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Department of Medicine and Surgery Kore University of Enna Italy

Department of Neurology Klinikum rechts der Isar School of Medicine Technical University of Munich Munich Germany

Department of Neuroscience Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA

Department of Neuroscience SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse NY USA

Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse NY USA

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science Semel Institute David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA

Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelo Barcelo Spain

Department of Psychiatry and Genetics Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA

Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior School of Medicine University of California Irvine Canada

Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science University College Cork Cork Ireland

Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Marburg Germany

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Marburg Marburg Germany

Department of Psychiatry Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada

Department of Psychiatry Departmet of Psychiatric Genetics Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznan Poland

Department of Psychiatry Fujita Health University School of Medicine Toyoake Japan

Department of Psychiatry Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron Barcelo Spain

Department of Psychiatry Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Spain

Department of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA

Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA

Department of Psychiatry Melbourne Medical School The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia

Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy University Hospital Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany

Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Center of Mental Health University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany

Department of Psychiatry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA

Department of Psychiatry University of Melbourne VIC Australia

Department of Psychiatry University of Münster Münster Germany

Department of Psychiatry University of North Caroli at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA

Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA

Department of Psychology Emory University Atlanta GA USA

Department of Quantitative Health Sciences Research Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA

Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich Germany

Departments of Psychiatry and Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine

Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health School of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia

Division of Clinical Research Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA

Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway

Division of Psychiatry Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

Division of Psychiatry University College London London UK

Erasmus University Medical Center Faculty of Medicina and Health Sciences Department of Pathology Clinical Bioinformatics Unit Rotterdam The Netherlands

Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA

Functional Genomics Laboratory School of Medicine University of California Irvine Canada

Genetics and Computational Biology QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia

German Center for Mental Health partner site Mannheim Heidelberg Ulm Germany

Hector Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany

Hudsolpha Institute for Biotechnology Huntsville AL USA

Indiana University School of Medicine

Institute for Genomic Health SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine Brooklyn NY USA

Institute for Translational Psychiatry University of Münster Münster Germany

Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Institute of Human Genetics University of Bonn School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany

Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland

Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Research Centre Jülich Jülich Germany

Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden

Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany

Instituto de Salud Carlos 3 Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health Madrid Spain

ISGlobal Barcelona Spain

Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Yokohama Japan

Medical University of Graz Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine Graz Austria

Mental Health Department University Regional Hospital Biomedicine Institute Málaga Spain

Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology Munich Germany

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Attikon General Hospital Athens Greece

National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic

National Kapodistrian University of Athens 2nd Department of Psychiatry Attikon General Hospital Athens Greece

National Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Attikon General Hospital Athens Greece

Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group Dept of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland

Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney NSW Australia

NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust London UK

NORMENT University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Oasi Research Institute IRCCS Troina Italy

Programa SJD MIND Escoles Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu Esplugues de Llobregat Spain

Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA

Psychiatric Genetics Unit Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions Vall d´Hebron Research Institut Universitat Autònoma de Barcelo Barcelo Spain

Psychiatric Genetics Unit Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions Vall d´Hebron Research Institut Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA

Psychological Medicine University of Worcester Worcester UK

Research Institute Lindner Center of HOPE Mason OH USA

Research Psychiatry Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System San Diego CA USA

Ronald M Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA

SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Dept of Psychiatry Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa

SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Dept of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology Sungkyunkwan University Samsung Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea

Samsung Genome Institute Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea

School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia

School of Clinical Medicine Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia

School of Psychology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia

Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre King's College London London UK

Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research Broad Institute Cambridge MA USA

Stark Neurosciences Research Institute Indiana University School of Medicine

SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University

Systems Genetics Working Group Department of Genetics Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa

The Department of Applied Genetics The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan

The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia

tiol and Kapodistrian University of Athens 2nd Department of Psychiatry Attikon General Hospital Athens Greece

United Arab Emirates University College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Genetics and Genomics Al Ain United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates University Zayed Center for Health Sciences Al Ain United Arab Emirates

University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia

University of Paris Est Créteil INSERM IMRB Translatiol Neuropsychiatry Créteil France

University of Patras School of Health Sciences Department of Pharmacy Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy Patras Greece

University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia

University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia

Aktualizováno

Nat Neurosci. 2025 Jul;28(7):1393-1403. doi: 10.1038/s41593-025-01998-z. PubMed

Zobrazit více v PubMed

O’Connell K. S. & Coombes B. J. Genetic contributions to bipolar disorder: current status and future directions. Psychol. Med. 51, 2156–2167 (2021). PubMed PMC

Craddock N. & Sklar P. Genetics of bipolar disorder. Lancet 381, 1654–1662 (2013). PubMed

McGuffin P. et al. The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60, 497–502 (2003). PubMed

Smoller J. W. & Finn C. T. Family, twin, and adoption studies of bipolar disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet. 123C, 48–58 (2003). PubMed

Stahl E. A. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nat. Genet. 51, 793–803 (2019). PubMed PMC

Chen D. T. et al. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of European and Asian-ancestry samples identifies three novel loci associated with bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 18, 195–205 (2013). PubMed

Charney A. W. et al. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity between clinical subtypes of bipolar disorder. Transl. Psychiatry 7, e993 (2017). PubMed PMC

Cichon S. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies genetic variation in neurocan as a susceptibility factor for bipolar disorder. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 88, 372–381 (2011). PubMed PMC

Ferreira M. A. R. et al. Collaborative genome-wide association analysis supports a role for ANK3 and CACNA1C in bipolar disorder. Nat. Genet. 40, 1056–1058 (2008). PubMed PMC

Green E. K. et al. Association at SYNE1 in both bipolar disorder and recurrent major depression. Mol. Psychiatry 18, 614–617 (2013). PubMed

Hou L. et al. Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder. Hum. Mol. Genet. 25, 3383–3394 (2016). PubMed PMC

Mühleisen T. W. et al. Genome-wide association study reveals two new risk loci for bipolar disorder. Nat. Commun. 5, 3339 (2014). PubMed

Scott L. J. et al. Genome-wide association and meta-analysis of bipolar disorder in individuals of European ancestry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106, 7501–7506 (2009). PubMed PMC

Schulze T. G. et al. Two variants in Ankyrin 3 (ANK3) are independent genetic risk factors for bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 14, 487–491 (2009). PubMed PMC

Smith E. N. et al. Genome-wide association study of bipolar disorder in European American and African American individuals. Mol. Psychiatry 14, 755–763 (2009). PubMed PMC

Mullins N. et al. Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology. Nat. Genet. 53, 817–829 (2021). PubMed PMC

Schaid D. J., Chen W. & Larson N. B. From genome-wide associations to candidate causal variants by statistical fine-mapping. Nat. Rev. Genet. 19, 491–504 (2018). PubMed PMC

Weissbrod O. et al. Functionally informed fine-mapping and polygenic localization of complex trait heritability. Nat. Genet. 52, 1355–1363 (2020). PubMed PMC

Schilder B. M., Humphrey J. & Raj T. echolocatoR: an automated end-to-end statistical and functional genomic fine-mapping pipeline. Bioinformatics 38, 536–539 (2022). PubMed PMC

Wang G., Sarkar A., Carbonetto P. & Stephens M. A simple new approach to variable selection in regression, with application to genetic fine mapping. J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B Stat. Methodol. 82, 1273–1300 (2020). PubMed PMC

Benner C. et al. FINEMAP: efficient variable selection using summary data from genome-wide association studies. Bioinformatics 32, 1493–1501 (2016). PubMed PMC

Kanai M. et al. Insights from complex trait fine-mapping across diverse populations. medRxiv 2021.09.03.21262975 (2021) doi: 10.1101/2021.09.03.21262975. DOI

Trubetskoy V. et al. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia. Nature 604, 502–508 (2022). PubMed PMC

Mölder F. et al. Sustainable data analysis with Snakemake. F1000Res. 10, 33 (2021). PubMed PMC

McCarthy S. et al. A reference panel of 64,976 haplotypes for genotype imputation. Nat. Genet. 48, 1279–1283 (2016). PubMed PMC

Chen W. et al. Improved analyses of GWAS summary statistics by reducing data heterogeneity and errors. Nat. Commun. 12, 7117 (2021). PubMed PMC

Yang J., Lee S. H., Goddard M. E. & Visscher P. M. GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 88, 76–82 (2011). PubMed PMC

Gazal S. et al. Functional architecture of low-frequency variants highlights strength of negative selection across coding and non-coding annotations. Nat. Genet. 50, 1600–1607 (2018). PubMed PMC

Purcell S. et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 559–575 (2007). PubMed PMC

Finucane H. K. et al. Partitioning heritability by functional annotation using genome-wide association summary statistics. Nat. Genet. 47, 1228–1235 (2015). PubMed PMC

McLaren W. et al. The Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor. Genome Biol. 17, 122 (2016). PubMed PMC

Dong S. et al. Annotating and prioritizing human non-coding variants with RegulomeDB v.2. Nat. Genet. 55, 724–726 (2023). PubMed PMC

Ochoa D. et al. The next-generation Open Targets Platform: reimagined, redesigned, rebuilt. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, D1353–D1359 (2023). PubMed PMC

Zhu Z. et al. Integration of summary data from GWAS and eQTL studies predicts complex trait gene targets. Nat. Genet. 48, 481–487 (2016). PubMed

Wu Y. et al. Integrative analysis of omics summary data reveals putative mechanisms underlying complex traits. Nat. Commun. 9, 918 (2018). PubMed PMC

Qi T. et al. Genetic control of RNA splicing and its distinct role in complex trait variation. Nat. Genet. 54, 1355–1363 (2022). PubMed PMC

Qi T. et al. Identifying gene targets for brain-related traits using transcriptomic and methylomic data from blood. Nat. Commun. 9, 2282 (2018). PubMed PMC

Nott A. et al. Brain cell type-specific enhancer-promoter interactome maps and diseaserisk association. Science 366, 1134–1139 (2019). PubMed PMC

Palmer D. S. et al. Exome sequencing in bipolar disorder identifies AKAP11 as a risk gene shared with schizophrenia. Nat. Genet. 54, 541–547 (2022). PubMed PMC

Wray N. R. et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nat. Genet. 50, 668–681 (2018). PubMed PMC

1000 Genomes Project Consortium et al. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 526, 68–74 (2015). PubMed PMC

Cook S. et al. Accurate imputation of human leukocyte antigens with CookHLA. Nat. Commun. 12, 1264 (2021). PubMed PMC

Lam M. et al. RICOPILI: Rapid Imputation for COnsortias PIpeLIne. Bioinformatics 36, 930–933 (2020). PubMed PMC

Willer C. J., Li Y. & Abecasis G. R. METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans. Bioinformatics 26, 2190–2191 (2010). PubMed PMC

Weissbrod O. et al. Leveraging fine-mapping and multipopulation training data to improve cross-population polygenic risk scores. Nat. Genet. 54, 450–458 (2022). PubMed PMC

Ge T., Chen C.-Y., Ni Y., Feng Y.-C. A. & Smoller J. W. Polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors. Nat. Commun. 10, 1776 (2019). PubMed PMC

O’Connell K. S. et al. Genetic diversity enhances gene discovery for bipolar disorder. medRxiv 2023.10.07.23296687 (2023) doi: 10.1101/2023.10.07.23296687. DOI

Lee S. H., Goddard M. E., Wray N. R. & Visscher P. M. A better coefficient of determination for genetic profile analysis. Genet. Epidemiol. 36, 214–224 (2012). PubMed

Momin M. M., Lee S., Wray N. R. & Lee S. H. Significance tests for R of out-of-sample prediction using polygenic scores. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 110, 349–358 (2023). PubMed PMC

Ikeda M. et al. A genome-wide association study identifies two novel susceptibility loci and trans population polygenicity associated with bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 23, 639–647 (2018). PubMed PMC

Moon S. et al. The Korea Biobank Array: Design and Identification of Coding Variants Associated with Blood Biochemical Traits. Sci. Rep. 9, 1382 (2019). PubMed PMC

Klemm S. L., Shipony Z. & Greenleaf W. J. Chromatin accessibility and the regulatory epigenome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 20, 207–220 (2019). PubMed

Schoenfelder S. & Fraser P. Long-range enhancer-promoter contacts in gene expression control. Nat. Rev. Genet. 20, 437–455 (2019). PubMed

Zeng Q. et al. -Related Epilepsy: The Phenotypic Spectrum, Treatment and Prognosis. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 15, 809951 (2022). PubMed PMC

Jia L. et al. Variant-specific in vitro neuronal network phenotypes and drug sensitivity in SCN2A developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. J. Neurochem. (2024) doi: 10.1111/jnc.16103. PubMed DOI

Judy J. T. & Zandi P. P. A review of potassium channels in bipolar disorder. Front. Genet. 4, 105 (2013). PubMed PMC

Glessner J. T. et al. Strong synaptic transmission impact by copy number variations in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 10584–10589 (2010). PubMed PMC

Bayoumi R. et al. Localisation of a gene for an autosomal recessive syndrome of macrocephaly, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, and distinctive facies to chromosome 15q26. J. Med. Genet. 38, 369–373 (2001). PubMed PMC

Gripp K. W. et al. Syndromic disorders caused by gain-of-function variants in KCNH1, KCNK4, and KCNN3-a subgroup of K channelopathies. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 29, 1384–1395 (2021). PubMed PMC

Urreizti R. et al. DPH1 syndrome: two novel variants and structural and functional analyses of seven missense variants identified in syndromic patients. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 28, 64–75 (2020). PubMed PMC

Schrode N. et al. Synergistic effects of common schizophrenia risk variants. Nat. Genet. 51, 1475–1485 (2019). PubMed PMC

Heinrich A. et al. Lithium enhances CRTC oligomer formation and the interaction between the CREB coactivators CRTC and CBP--implications for CREB-dependent gene transcription. Cell. Signal. 25, 113–125 (2013). PubMed

Ho A. M.-C. et al. Mood-Stabilizing Antiepileptic Treatment Response in Bipolar Disorder: A Genome-Wide Association Study. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 108, 1233–1242 (2020). PubMed PMC

Jiang X. et al. Sodium valproate rescues expression of TRANK1 in iPSC-derived neural cells that carry a genetic variant associated with serious mental illness. Mol. Psychiatry 24, 613–624 (2019). PubMed PMC

Ortega M. A. et al. Microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanisms in the complex network of bipolar disorders: potential clinical implications and translational opportunities. Mol. Psychiatry 28, 2645–2673 (2023). PubMed PMC

Andreassen O. A. et al. Genetic pleiotropy between multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder: differential involvement of immune-related gene loci. Mol. Psychiatry 20, 207–214 (2015). PubMed PMC

International Schizophrenia Consortium et al. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 460, 748–752 (2009). PubMed PMC

Sekar A. et al. Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4. Nature 530, 177–183 (2016). PubMed PMC

Yuan K. et al. Fine-mapping across diverse ancestries drives the discovery of putative causal variants underlying human complex traits and diseases. medRxiv (2023) doi: 10.1101/2023.01.07.23284293. PubMed DOI PMC