Archaeological systematics, together with spatial and chronological information, are commonly used to infer cultural evolutionary dynamics in the past. For the study of the Palaeolithic, and particularly the European Final Palaeolithic and earliest Mesolithic, proposed changes in material culture are often interpreted as reflecting historical processes, migration, or cultural adaptation to climate change and resource availability. Yet, cultural taxonomic practice is known to be variable across research history and academic traditions, and few large-scale replicable analyses across such traditions have been undertaken. Drawing on recent developments in computational archaeology, we here present a data-driven assessment of the existing Final Palaeolithic/earliest Mesolithic cultural taxonomy in Europe. Our dataset consists of a large expert-sourced compendium of key sites, lithic toolkit composition, blade and bladelet production technology, as well as lithic armatures. The dataset comprises 16 regions and 86 individually named archaeological taxa ('cultures'), covering the period between ca. 15,000 and 11,000 years ago (cal BP). Using these data, we use geometric morphometric and multivariate statistical techniques to explore to what extent the dynamics observed in different lithic data domains (toolkits, technologies, armature shapes) correspond to each other and to the culture-historical relations of taxonomic units implied by traditional naming practice. Our analyses support the widespread conception that some dimensions of material culture became more diverse towards the end of the Pleistocene and the very beginning of the Holocene. At the same time, cultural taxonomic unit coherence and efficacy appear variable, leading us to explore potential biases introduced by regional research traditions, inter-analyst variation, and the role of disjunct macroevolutionary processes. In discussing the implications of these findings for narratives of cultural change and diversification across the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, we emphasize the increasing need for cooperative research and systematic archaeological analyses that reach across research traditions.

1 U de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico University of Alicante Alicante Spain

Archaeological Museum Kraków Kraków Poland

CNRS CEPAM Université Côte d'Azur Nice France

CNRS UMR 5199 PACEA University of Bordeaux France and SERP University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain

CNRS UMR 7 8068 Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes PréhistoriqueS University of Paris Nanterre Nanterre France

Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies Aarhus University Højbjerg Denmark

Department of Archaeology Ghent University Ghent Belgium

Department of Geology Faculty of Science Palacky University Olomouc Olomouc Czech Republic

Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy

INRAP INRAP Centre Île de France Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives 18 rue Chapelle Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistorique University of Paris Nanterre Nanterre France

Institute for Prehistoric Archaeology University of Cologne Cologne Germany

Institute of Baltic Region History and Archaeology Klaipėda University Klaipėda Lithuania

Museum Lolland Falster Nykøbing F Denmark

Natural History Museum Vienna Vienna Austria

Zentrum für Skandinavische und Baltische Archäologie Schloß Gottorf Schleswig Germany

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PLoS One. 2024 Dec 12;19(12):e0315964. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0315964. PubMed

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