Brain activity during the resting state is widely used to examine brain organization, cognition and alterations in disease states. While it is known that neuromodulation and the state of alertness impact resting-state activity, neural mechanisms behind such modulation of resting-state activity are unknown. In this work, we used a computational model to demonstrate that change in excitability and recurrent connections, due to cholinergic modulation, impacts resting-state activity. The results of such modulation in the model match closely with experimental work on direct cholinergic modulation of Default Mode Network (DMN) in rodents. We further extended our study to the human connectome derived from diffusion-weighted MRI. In human resting-state simulations, an increase in cholinergic input resulted in a brain-wide reduction of functional connectivity. Furthermore, selective cholinergic modulation of DMN closely captured experimentally observed transitions between the baseline resting state and states with suppressed DMN fluctuations associated with attention to external tasks. Our study thus provides insight into potential neural mechanisms for the effects of cholinergic neuromodulation on resting-state activity and its dynamics.

Bio Imaging Lab University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium

Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California United States of America

Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia United States of America

Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas Heraklion Crete Greece

Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

MR Unit Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic

National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic

μNEURO Research Centre of Excellence University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium

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