• This record comes from PubMed

Which outcomes are key to the pre-intervention assessment profile of a child with developmental coordination disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis

. 2025 Apr ; 48 (2) : 100768. [epub] 20240718

Language English Country United States Media print-electronic

Document type Journal Article, Meta-Analysis, Systematic Review

Links

PubMed 39032866
PubMed Central PMC12020856
DOI 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100768
PII: S2319-4170(24)00071-4
Knihovny.cz E-resources

BACKGROUND: Purpose of this study was to determine what key aspects of function should be incorporated to make up a pre-intervention assessment profile of a child with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD); more specifically, what aspects of functioning are implicated in DCD and what is their relative impact? METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, for which Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and Proquest were searched (last update: April 2023, PROSPERO: CRD42023461619). Case-control studies were included to determine point estimates for performances on field-based tests in different domains of functioning. The risk of bias was assessed, and the level of evidence was estimated. Random-effect meta-analyses were performed to calculate the pooled standardized mean differences for domains of functioning and subgrouping was done for clinically relevant subdomains. Heterogeneity was determined with I2. RESULTS: 121 papers were included for analyses. Data of 5923 children with DCD were included (59.8% boys) and 23 619 Typically Developing (TD) children (45.8% boys). The mean (SD) age of the DCD group was 10.3y (1.2) and 9.3y (1.3) for the TD children. Moderate evidence was found for motor performance, executive functions, sensory processing and perceptions, cognitive functions and sports and leisure activities to be affected in children with DCD. CONCLUSION: Differences between the two groups varied per domain of functioning. This emphasizes the diversity present within children with DCD and provides a rationale for explaining the heterogeneity in this patient group. Yet, results highlight the potential involvement of all these domains and call for clinicians to be alert not only to examine motor skill difficulties but also other aspects of function. Results indicate the need to develop an individualized pre-intervention multi-dimensional assessment profile for each child with DCD. It also supports the important role that clinicians play in an interdisciplinary team to tackle the difficulties encountered by children with DCD.

See more in PubMed

Association Psychiatric Association . 5th ed. (DSM-5-TR) 2022. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, text revision.

Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, Boyd LA. Developmental coordination disorder: a Pilot Diffusion tensor Imaging study. Pediatr Neurol. 2012;46(3):162–7. PubMed

Barnhart RC, Davenport MJ, Epps SB, Nordquist VM. Developmental coordination disorder. Phys Ther. 2003;83(8):722–31. PubMed

Subara-Zukic E, Cole MH, McGuckian TB, Steenbergen B, Green D, Smits-Engelsman BC, et al. Behavioral and Neuroimaging research on developmental coordination disorder (DCD): a combined systematic review and meta-analysis of recent findings. Front Psychol. 2022;13 PubMed PMC

Blank R, Barnett AL, Cairney J, Green D, Kirby A, Polatajko H, et al. International clinical practice recommendations on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of developmental coordination disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019;61(3):242–85. PubMed PMC

Steenbergen B, Valtr L, Dunford C, Prunty M, Bekhuis H, Temlali TY, et al. Awareness about developmental coordination disorder. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1345257. PubMed PMC

Bieber E, Smits-Engelsman BC, Sgandurra G, Cioni G, Feys H, Guzzetta A, et al. Manual function outcome measures in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD): systematic review. Res Dev Disabil. 2016;55:114–31. PubMed

Verbecque E, Johnson C, Rameckers E, Thijs A, van der Veer I, Meyns P, et al. Balance control in individuals with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture. 2021;83:268–79. PubMed

Barnett A, Prunty M. Handwriting difficulties in developmental coordination disorder (DCD) Current Developmental Disorders Reports. 2020;1:6–14.

Biancotto M, Skabar A, Bulgheroni M., Carrozzi M., Zoia S. Neuromotor deficits in developmental coordination disorder: evidence from a reach-to-grasp task. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(4):1293–300. PubMed

Zwicker JG, Suto M, Harris SR, Vlasakova N, Missiuna C. Developmental coordination disorder is more than a motor problem: children describe the impact of daily struggles on their quality of life. Br J Occup Ther. 2018;81(2):65–73.

Diamond N, Downs J, Morris S. "The problem with running’’-Comparing the propulsion strategy of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and typically developing children. Gait Posture. 2014;39(1):547-52 PubMed

Psotta R, Abdollahipour R, Janura M. The effects of attentional focus instruction on the performance of a whole-body coordination task in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2020;101 PubMed

Derikx D, Schoemaker MM. The nature of coordination and control problems in children with developmental coordination disorder during ball catching: a systematic review. Hum Mov Sci. 2020;74 PubMed

Adams IL, Lust JM, Wilson PH, Steenbergen B. Testing predictive control of movement in children with developmental coordination disorder using converging operations. Br J Psychol. 2017;108(1):73–90. PubMed

Bhoyroo R, Hands B, Wilmut K, Hyde C, Wigley A. Motor planning with and without motor imagery in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Acta Psychol. 2019;199 PubMed

Schoemaker MM, Hijlkema MG, Kalverboer AF. Physiotherapy for clumsy children: an evaluation study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36(2):143–55. PubMed

Poulsen AA, Ziviani JM, Cuskelly M. General self-concept and life satisfaction for boys with differing levels of physical coordination: the role of goal orientations and leisure participation. Hum Mov Sci. 2006;25(6):839–60. PubMed

Morrison KM, Cairney J, Eisenmann J, Pfeiffer K, Gould D. Associations of body mass index, motor performance, and perceived athletic competence with physical activity in normal weight and overweight children. J Obes. 2018;2018 PubMed PMC

Farhat F, Hsairi I, Baiti H, Cairney J, McHirgui R, Masmoudi K, et al. Assessment of physical fitness and exercise tolerance in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;45–6:210–9. PubMed

Ferguson GD, Aertssen WF, Rameckers EA, Jelsma J, Smits-Engelsman BC. Physical fitness in children with developmental coordination disorder: measurement matters. Res Dev Disabil. 2014;35(5):1087–97. PubMed

Hiraga CY, Rocha PRH, de Castro Ferracioli M, Gama DT, Pellegrini AM. Physical fitness in children with probable developmental coordination disorder and normal body mass index. Rev Bras Cineantropometria Desempenho Hum. 2014;16(2):182–90.

Haugen T, Johansen BT. Difference in physical fitness in children with initially high and low gross motor competence: a ten-year follow-up study. Hum Mov Sci. 2018;62:143–9. PubMed

Smits-Engelsman B, Verbecque E. Pediatric care for children with developmental coordination disorder, can we do better? Biomed J. 2022;45(2):250–64. PubMed PMC

Smits-Engelsman B, Vinçon S, Blank R, Quadrado VH, Polatajko H, Wilson PH. Evaluating the evidence for motor-based interventions in developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Dev Disabil. 2018;74:72–102. PubMed

Lee K, Kim YH, Lee Y. Correlation between motor coordination skills and emotional and behavioral difficulties in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(20):7362. PubMed PMC

Gray C, Climie EA. Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disability: a review of the efficacy of Medication treatments. Front Psychol. 2016;7:988. PubMed PMC

Costini O, Roy A, Faure S, Remigereau C, Renaud E, Blanvillain L, et al. Gestures and related skills in developmental coordination disorder: a production-system deficit? Psychol Neurosci. 2018;11(2):193–215.

Wilson AA, Piek JP, Kane R. The mediating role of social skills in the relationship between motor ability and internalizing symptoms in pre-primary children. Infant Child Dev. 2013;22:151–64.

O’Brien J, Spencer J, Atkinson J, Braddick O, Wattam-Bell J. Form and motion coherence processing in dyspraxia: evidence of a global spatial processing deficit. Neuroreport. 2002;13(11):1399–402. PubMed

Wilson PH, Maruff P, Butson M, Williams J, Lum J, Thomas PR. Internal representation of movement in children with developmental coordination disorder: a mental rotation task. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46(11):754–9. PubMed

Bonifacci P. Children with low motor ability have lower visual-motor integration ability but unaffected perceptual skills. Hum Mov Sci. 2004;23(2):157–68. PubMed

Prunty M, Barnett AL, Wilmut K, Plumb M. Visual perceptual and handwriting skills in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Hum Mov Sci. 2016;49:54–65. PubMed

Volman MJM, van Schendel BM, Jongmans MJ. Handwriting difficulties in primary school children: a search for underlying mechanisms. Am J Occup Ther. 2006;60(4):451–60. PubMed

Ikeda E, Hinckson E, Krägeloh C. Assessment of quality of life in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: a critical review. Qual Life Res. 2014;23(4):1069–85. PubMed

Flapper BC, Schoemaker MM. Effects of methylphenidate on quality of life in children with both developmental coordination disorder and ADHD. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(4):294–9. PubMed

Wuang YP, Wang CC, Huang MH. Health-related quality of life in children with developmental coordination disorder and their parents. OTJR(Thorofare N J) 2012;32(4):142–50.

Karras HC, Morin DN, Gill K, Izadi-Najafabadi S, Zwicker JG. Health-related quality of life of children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2019;84:85–95. PubMed

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2021;74(9):790–9. PubMed

Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210. PubMed PMC

Hillier S, Inglis-Jassiem G. Rehabilitation for community-dwelling people with stroke: home or centre based? A systematic review. Int J Stroke. 2010;5(3):178–86. PubMed

Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al., editors. vol. 63. 2022,. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. (Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version). Chapter 10.

Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach. GRADE Handbook. 2013..

Van Dyck D, Baijot S, Aeby A, De Tiège X, Deconinck N. Cognitive, perceptual, and motor profiles of school-aged children with developmental coordination disorder. Front Psychol. 2022;13 PubMed PMC

Van Waelvelde H, De Weerdt W, De-Cock P, Janssens L, Feys H, Smits Engelsman BC. Parameterization of movement execution in children with developmental coordination disorder. Brain Cognit. 2006;60(1):20–31. PubMed

Josman N, Goffer A, Rosenblum S. Development and standardization of a “do-eat” activity of daily living performance test for children. Am J Occup Ther. 2010;64(1):47–58. PubMed

Barnett AL, Prunty M, Rosenblum S. Development of the handwriting Legibility scale (HLS): a preliminary examination of reliability and validity. Res Dev Disabil. 2018;72:240–7. PubMed

Tseng MH, Howe TH, Chuang IC, Hsieh CL. Cooccurrence of problems in activity level, attention, psychosocial adjustment, reading and writing in children with developmental coordination disorder. Int J Rehabil Res. 2007;30(4):327-32. PubMed

Rosenblum S, Margieh JA, Engel-Yeger B. Handwriting features of children with developmental coordination disorder--results of triangular evaluation. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(11):4134–41. PubMed

Cox LE, Harris EC, Auld ML, Johnston LM. Impact of tactile function on upper limb motor function in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;45–6:373–83. PubMed

de Waal E, Pienaar AE, Coetzee D. Perceptual-motor contributors to the association between developmental coordination disorder and academic performance: North-West Child Health, Integrated with Learning and Development study. South Afr J Childhood Educat. 2018;8(2):1–11.

Hill EL, Bishop DVM, Nimmo-Smith I. Representational gestures in Developmental Coordination Disorder and specific language impairment: error-types and the reliability of ratings. Hum Mov Sci. 1998;17(4–5):655–78.

Hill EL, Bishop DV. A reaching test reveals weak hand preference in specific language impairment and developmental co-ordination disorder. Laterality. 1998;3(4):295–310. PubMed

Krajenbrink H, Lust JM, Wilmut K, Steenbergen B. Motor and cognitive dual-task performance under low and high task complexity in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2023;135 PubMed

Prunty M, Barnett AL. Accuracy and consistency of letter formation in children with developmental coordination disorder. J Learn Disabil. 2020;53(2):120–30. PubMed PMC

Prunty MM, Barnett AL, Wilmut K, Plumb MS. Handwriting speed in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: are they really slower? Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(9):2927–36. PubMed

Schott N, El-Rajab I, Klotzbier T. Cognitive-motor interference during fine and gross motor tasks in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) Res Dev Disabil. 2016;57:136–48. PubMed

Stilwell JM. Boston University; United States-Massachusetts: 2002. In -hand manipulation in children with developmental coordination disorder [Sc.D.]

Wang TN, Tseng MH, Wilson BN, Hu FC. Functional performance of children with developmental coordination disorder at home and at school. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(10):817–25. PubMed

Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, Boyd LA. Brain activation of children with developmental coordination disorder is different than peers. Pediatrics. 2010;126(3):e678–86. PubMed

Van Waelvelde H, De Weerdt W, De-Cock P, Smits-Engelsman BC. Association between visual perceptual deficits and motor deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46(10):661–6. PubMed

Nobre GC, Ramalho MHDS Ribas MS, Valentini NC. Motor, physical, and psychosocial Parameters of children with and without developmental coordination disorder: a comparative and associative study. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2023;20(4):2801. PubMed PMC

Di Brina C, Caravale B, Mirante N. Handwriting in children with developmental coordination disorder: is Legibility the only indicator of a poor performance? Occup Ther Health Care. 2022;36(4):353–67. PubMed

Henderson L, Rose P, Henderson S. Reaction time and movement time in children with a Developmental Coordination Disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 1992;33(5):895–905. PubMed

Van Waelvelde H, De Weerdt W, De Cock P, Smits-Engelsman BC, Peersman W. Ball catching performance in children with developmental coordination disorder. Adapt Phys Act Q (APAQ) 2004;21(4):348–63.

Ricci M, Terribili M, Giannini F, Errico V, Pallotti A, Galasso C, et al. Wearable-based electronics to objectively support diagnosis of motor impairments in school-aged children. J Biomech. 2019;83:243–52. PubMed

Smits-Engelsman B, Cavalcante Neto JL, Draghi TTG, Rohr LA, Jelsma D. Construct validity of the PERF-FIT, a test of motor skill-related fitness for children in low resource areas. Res Dev Disabil. 2020;102 PubMed

Wilmut K, Wang S, Barnett AL. Inter-limb coordination in a novel pedalo task: a comparison of children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Hum Mov Sci. 2022;82:102932. PubMed

Yam TTT, Fong SSM. Y-balance test performance and Leg muscle Activations of children with developmental coordination disorder. J Mot Behav. 2019;51(4):385–93. PubMed

Yu JJ, Capio CM, Abernethy B, Sit CHP. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: Associations with fundamental movement skills. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;118 PubMed

Dewey D, Cantell M, Crawford SG. Motor and gestural performance in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental coordination disorder, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007;13(2):246–56. PubMed

Sinani C, Sugden DA, Hill EL. Gesture production in school vs. clinical samples of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and typically developing children. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(4):1270–82. PubMed

Bieber E, Smits-Engelsman BCM, Sgandurra G, Di Gregorio F, Guzzetta A, Cioni G, et al. A new protocol for assessing action observation and imitation abilities in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: a feasibility and reliability study. Hum Mov Sci. 2021;75 PubMed

Chang SH, Yu NY. Comparison of motor praxis and performance in children with varying levels of developmental coordination disorder. Hum Mov Sci. 2016;48:7–14. PubMed

Gheysen F, Van Waelvelde H, Fias W. Impaired visuo-motor sequence learning in developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(2):749–56. PubMed

Reynolds JE, Kerrigan S, Elliott C, Lay BS, Licari MK. Poor imitative performance of Unlearned gestures in children with probable developmental coordination disorder. J Mot Behav. 2017;49(4):378–87. PubMed

Smyth MM, Mason UC. Planning and execution of action in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 1997;38(8):1023–37. PubMed

Van der Linde BW, van Netten JJ, Otten B, Postema K, Geuze RH, Schoemaker MM. Activities of daily living in children with developmental coordination disorder: performance, learning, and participation. Phys Ther. 2015;95(11):1496–506. PubMed

Kennedy-Behr A, Rodger S, Mickan S. A comparison of the play skills of preschool children with and without developmental coordination disorder. OTJR (Thorofare N J) 2013;33(4):198–208. PubMed

Rosenblum S, Waissman P, Diamond GW. Identifying play characteristics of pre-school children with developmental coordination disorder via parental questionnaires. Hum Mov Sci. 2017;53:5–15. PubMed

Schott N, Alof V, Hultsch D, Meermann D. Physical fitness in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2007;78(5):438–50. PubMed

Lifshitz N, Raz-Silbiger S, Weintraub N, Steinhart S, Cermak SA, Katz N. Physical fitness and overweight in Israeli children with and without developmental coordination disorder: gender differences. Res Dev Disabil. 2014;35(11):2773–80. PubMed

Gama DT, Ferracioli-Gama MC, Barela JA, Takahashi ACM, Pellegrini AM, Hiraga CY. Autonomous nervous system modulation in supine and standing postures in children with probable developmental coordination disorder. Heliyon. 2021;7(1) PubMed PMC

Redondo-Tébar A, Ruiz-Hermosa A, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Martín-Espinosa NM, Notario-Pacheco B, Sánchez-López M. Health-related quality of life in developmental coordination disorder and typical developing children. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;119 PubMed

Bonney E, Aertssen W, Smits-Engelsman B. Psychometric properties of field-based anaerobic capacity tests in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Disabil Rehabil. 2019;41(15):1803–14. PubMed

Cairney J, Veldhuizen S, King-Dowling S, Faught BE, Hay J. Tracking cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity in children with and without motor coordination problems. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20(4):380–5. PubMed

Cermak SA, Katz N, Weintraub N, Steinhart S, Raz-Silbiger S, Munoz M, et al. Participation in physical activity, fitness, and risk for obesity in children with developmental coordination disorder: a cross-cultural study. Occup Ther Int. 2015;22(4):163–73. PubMed

Denysschen M, Coetzee D, Smits-Engelsman BCM Children with poor motor skills have lower health-related fitness compared to typically developing children. Children. 2021;8(10):867. PubMed PMC

Farhat F, Masmoudi K, Cairney J, Hsairi I, Triki C, Moalla W. Assessment of cardiorespiratory and neuromotor fitness in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2014;35(12):3554–61. PubMed

Faught BE, Cairney J, Hay J, Veldhuizen S, Missiuna C, Spironello CA. Screening for motor coordination challenges in children using teacher ratings of physical ability and activity. Hum Mov Sci. 2008;27(2):177–89. PubMed

Angilley H, Haggas S. Physical fitness in children with movement difficulties. Physiotherapy. 2009;95(2):144–6. PubMed

Haga M. Physical fitness in children with high motor competence is different from that in children with low motor competence. Phys Ther. 2009;89(10):1089–97. PubMed

Nascimento RO, Ferreira LF, Goulardins JB, Freudenheim AM, Marques JC, Casella EB, et al. Health-related physical fitness children with severe and moderate developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(11):4222–31. PubMed

van der Hoek FD, Stuive I, Reinders-Messelink HA, Holty L, de Blécourt AC, Maathuis CG, et al. Health-related physical fitness in Dutch children with developmental coordination disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2012;33(8):649-55. PubMed

Wu SK, Cairney J, Lin HH, Li YC, Song TF. Pulmonary function in children with development coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(3):1232–9. PubMed

Wu SK, Lin HH, Li YC, Tsai CL, Cairney J. Cardiopulmonary fitness and endurance in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31(2):345–9. PubMed

Aertssen WFM, Ferguson GD, Smits-Engelsman BCM. Performance on functional strength measurement and muscle power sprint test confirm poor anaerobic capacity in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2016;59:115–26. PubMed

Smits-Engelsman BCM, Bonney E. Children’s Repetitive and Intermittent Sprinting Performance (CRISP) Test: a new field-based test for assessing anaerobic power and repeated sprint performance in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2019;93 PubMed

Bulten R, King-Dowling S, Cairney J. Assessing the validity of standing long jump to predict muscle power in children with and without motor delays. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2019;31(4):432–7. PubMed

Jelsma LD, Geuze RH, Klerks MH, Niemeijer AS, Smits-Engelsman BC. The relationship between joint mobility and motor performance in children with and without the diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:35. PubMed PMC

Baerg S, Cairney J, Hay J, Rempel L, Mahlberg N, Faught BE. Evaluating physical activity using accelerometry in children at risk of developmental coordination disorder in the presence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(4):1343–50. PubMed

Batey CA, Missiuna CA, Timmons BW, Hay JA, Faught BE, Cairney J. Self-efficacy toward physical activity and the physical activity behavior of children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder. Hum Mov Sci. 2014;36:258–71. PubMed

Green D, Lingam R, Mattocks C, Riddoch C, Ness A, Emond A. The risk of reduced physical activity in children with probable Developmental Coordination Disorder: a prospective longitudinal study. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(4):1332–42. PubMed

King-Dowling S, Kwan MYW, Rodriguez C, Missiuna C, Timmons BW, Cairney J. Physical activity in young children at risk for developmental coordination disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019;61(11):1302–8. PubMed

Kwan MY, Cairney J, Hay JA, Faught BE. Understanding physical activity and motivations for children with developmental coordination disorder: an investigation using the theory of planned behavior. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(11):3691–8. PubMed

Li YC, Graham JD, Cairney J. Moderating effects of physical activity and global self-worth on internalizing problems in school-aged children with developmental coordination disorder. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1740. PubMed PMC

Noordstar JJ, Stuive I, Herweijer H, Holty L, Oudenampsen C, Schoemaker MM, et al. Perceived athletic competence and physical activity in children with developmental coordination disorder who are clinically referred, and control children. Res Dev Disabil. 2014;35(12):3591–7. PubMed

Cairney J, Hay J, Faught B, Mandigo J, Flouris A. Developmental coordination disorder, self-efficacy toward physical activity, and play: Does gender matter? Adapt Phys Act Q. 2005;22(1):67–82.

Cairney J, Kwan MY, Hay JA, Faught BE. Developmental Coordination Disorder, gender, and body weight: examining the impact of participation in active play. Res Dev Disabil. 2012;33(5):1566–73. PubMed

Liberman L, Ratzon N, Bart O. The profile of performance skills and emotional factors in the context of participation among young children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(1):87–94. PubMed

Oudenampsen C, Holty L, Stuive I, van der Hoek F, Reinders-Messelink H, Schoemaker M, et al. Relationship between participation in leisure time physical activities and aerobic fitness in children with DCD. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2013;25(4):422–9. PubMed

Raz-Silbiger S, Lifshitz N, Katz N, Steinhart S, Cermak SA, Weintraub N. Relationship between motor skills, participation in leisure activities and quality of life of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: temporal aspects. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;38:171–80. PubMed

Rosenblum S. The development and standardization of the children activity scales (ChAS-P/T) for the early identification of children with developmental coordination disorders. Child Care Health Dev. 2006;32(6):619–32. PubMed

Engel-Yeger B, Hanna-Kassis A, Rosenblum S. Can gymnastic teacher predict leisure activity preference among children with developmental coordination disorders (DCD)? Res Dev Disabil. 2012;33(4):1006–13. PubMed

Jarus T, Lourie-Gelberg Y, Engel-Yeger B, Bart O. Participation patterns of school-aged children with and without DCD. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(4):1323–31. PubMed

Tsang WW, Guo X, Fong SS, Mak KK, Pang MY. Activity participation intensity is associated with skeletal development in pre-pubertal children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2012;33(6):1898–904. PubMed

Crawford SG, Dewey D. Co-occurring disorders: a possible key to visual perceptual deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder? Hum Mov Sci. 2008;27(1):154–69. PubMed

Schoemaker MM, van der Wees M, Flapper B, Verheij-Jansen N, Scholten-Jaegers S, Geuze RH. Perceptual skills of children with developmental coordination disorder. Hum Mov Sci. 2001;20(1–2):111–33. PubMed

Tsai CL, Wilson PH, Wu SK. Role of visual-perceptual skills (non-motor) in children with developmental coordination disorder. Hum Mov Sci. 2008;27(4):649–64. PubMed

Ghotbi M, Sohrabi M, Taheri HR, Khodashenas E. The comparison of depth perception in 7-9 Years old healthy children with developmental coordination disorder. J Ecophysiol Occup Health. 2017;16(3-4):112–7.

Blais M, Jucla M, Maziero S, Albaret JM, Chaix Y, Tallet J. Specific Cues can improve procedural learning and Retention in developmental coordination disorder and/or developmental Dyslexia. Front Hum Neurosci. 2021;15 PubMed PMC

Johnston JS, Ali JB, Hill EL, Bremner AJ. Tactile localization performance in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) corresponds to their motor skill and not their cognitive ability. Hum Mov Sci. 2017;53:72–83. PubMed

Tsai CL, Wu SK. Relationship of visual perceptual deficit and motor impairment in children with developmental coordination disorder. Percept Mot Skills. 2008;107(2):457-72. PubMed

Tseng YT, Holst-Wolf JM, Tsai CL, Chen FC, Konczak J. Haptic perception is altered in children with developmental coordination disorder. Neuropsychologia. 2019;127:29–34. PubMed

Pieters S, Desoete A, Van Waelvelde H, Vanderswalmen R, Roeyers H. Mathematical problems in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2012;33(4):1128–35. PubMed

Pieters S, Roeyers H, Rosseel Y, Van Waelvelde H, Desoete A. Identifying subtypes among children with developmental coordination disorder and mathematical learning disabilities, using Model-based clustering. J Learn Disabil. 2015;48(1):83–95. PubMed

Bernardi M, Leonard HC, Hill EL, Henry LA. Brief report: Response inhibition and processing speed in children with motor difficulties and developmental coordination disorder. Child Neuropsychol. 2016;22(5):627–34. PubMed

Cheng HC, Chen JY, Tsai CL, Shen ML, Cherng RJ. Reading and writing performances of children 7-8 years of age with developmental coordination disorder in Taiwan. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(6):2589–94. PubMed

Cheng HC, Cherng RJ, Yang PY. Rapid automatic naming and phonological awareness deficits in preschool children with probable developmental coordination disorder. Front Pediatr. 2022;10 PubMed PMC

Prunty MM, Barnett AL, Wilmut K, Plumb MS. The impact of handwriting difficulties on compositional quality in children with developmental coordination disorder. Br J Occup Ther. 2016;79(10):591-7. PubMed PMC

Jarus T, Ghanouni P, Abel RL, Fomenoff SL, Lundberg J, Davidson S, et al. Effect of internal versus external focus of attention on implicit motor learning in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;37:119–26. PubMed

Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R, Subash S. Examining the cognitive profile of children with developmental coordination disorder in indian context. Int J Pharmaceut Res. 2020;12(4):3946–9.

Piek JP, Barrett NC, Allen LS, Jones A, Louise M. The relationship between bullying and self-worth in children with movement coordination problems. Br J Educ Psychol. 2005;75(Pt 3):453–63. PubMed

Sartori RF, Valentini NC, Fonseca RP. Executive function in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: a comparative study. Child Care Health Dev. 2020;46(3):294–302. PubMed

Sumner E, Leonard HC, Hill EL. Overlapping Phenotypes in autism spectrum disorder and developmental coordination disorder: a cross-Syndrome comparison of motor and social skills. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(8):2609–20. PubMed PMC

Cairney J, Veldhuizen S, Rodriguez MC, King-Dowling S, Kwan MY, Wade T, et al. Cohort profile: the Canadian coordination and activity tracking in children (CATCH) longitudinal cohort. BMJ Open. 2019;9(9) PubMed PMC

Fuelscher I, Williams J, Wilmut K, Enticott PG, Hyde C. Modeling the Maturation of Grip selection planning and action representation: insights from typical and Atypical motor development. Front Psychol. 2016;7:108. PubMed PMC

Fuchs CT, Caçola P. Differences in accuracy and vividness of motor imagery in children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder. Hum Mov Sci. 2018;60:234–41. PubMed

Cummins A, Piek JP, Dyck MJ. Motor coordination, empathy, and social behaviour in school-aged children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47(7):437–42. PubMed

Alesi M, Pecoraro D, Pepi A. Executive functions in kindergarten children at risk for developmental coordination disorder. Eur J Spec Needs Educ. 2019;34(3):285–96.

Lejeune C, Catale C, Willems S, Meulemans T. Intact procedural motor sequence learning in developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(6):1974–81. PubMed

Leonard HC, Bernardi M, Hill EL, Henry LA. Executive functioning, motor difficulties, and developmental coordination disorder. Dev Neuropsychol. 2015;40(4):201–15. PubMed

Pratt ML, Leonard HC, Adeyinka H, Hill EL. The effect of motor load on planning and inhibition in developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2014;35(7):1579–87. PubMed

Sartori RF, Valentini NC, Fonseca RP. Executive function in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: a comparative study. Child Care Health Dev. 2020;46(3):294–302. PubMed

Chen IC, Tsai PL, Hsu YW, Ma HI, Lai HA. Everyday memory in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(1):687–94. PubMed

Sumner E, Pratt ML, Hill EL. Examining the cognitive profile of children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2016;56:10–7. PubMed

Wuang YP, Su CY, Su JH. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(5):1669–76. PubMed

Noordstar JJ, Volman MJM. Self-perceptions in children with probable developmental coordination disorder with and without overweight. Res Dev Disabil. 2020;99 PubMed

Cocks N, Barton B, Donelly M. Self-concept of boys with developmental coordination disorder. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2009;29(1):6–22. PubMed

Engel-Yeger B, Hanna Kasis A. The relationship between Developmental Co-ordination Disorders, child’s perceived self-efficacy and preference to participate in daily activities. Child Care Health Dev. 2010;36(5):670-7. PubMed

Nobre GC, Valentini NC, Ramalho MHS, Sartori RF. Self-efficacy profile in daily activities: children at risk and with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatr Neonatol. 2019;60(6):662–8. PubMed

Chen YW, Tseng MH, Hu FC, Cermak SA. Psychosocial adjustment and attention in children with developmental coordination disorder using different motor tests. Res Dev Disabil. 2009;30(6):1367–77. PubMed

Rodriguez MC, Wade TJ, Veldhuizen S, Missiuna C, Timmons B, Cairney J. Emotional and behavioral problems in 4- and 5-year old children with and without motor delays. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:474. PubMed PMC

Lifshitz N, Josman N, Tirosh E. Disorganization as related to discoordination and attention deficit. J Child Neurol. 2014;29(1):66–70. PubMed

Li YC, Kwan MYW, King-Dowling S, Rodriguez MC, Cairney J. Does physical activity and BMI mediate the association between DCD and internalizing problems in early childhood? A partial test of the Environmental Stress Hypothesis. Hum Mov Sci. 2021;75 PubMed

Wiggs L, Sparrowhawk M, Barnett AL. Parent report and Actigraphically defined sleep in children with and without developmental coordination disorder; links with fatigue and sleepiness. Front Pediatr. 2016;4:81. PubMed PMC

Dewey D, Volkovinskaia A. Health-related quality of life and peer relationships in adolescents with developmental coordination disorder and attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018;60(7):711–7. PubMed

Caçola P, Killian M. Health-related quality of life in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: association between the PedsQL and KIDSCREEN instruments and comparison with their normative samples. Res Dev Disabil. 2018;75:32–9. PubMed

Smits-Engelsman B, Coetzee D, Valtr L, Verbecque E. Do Girls have an Advantage compared to boys when their motor skills are tested using the movement assessment Battery for children. Children. 2023;10(7):1159. PubMed PMC

Green D, Chambers ME, Sugden DA. Does subtype of developmental coordination disorder count: is there a differential effect on outcome following intervention? Hum Mov Sci. 2008;27(2):363–82. PubMed

Lust JM, Steenbergen B, Diepstraten JAEM, Wilson PH, Schoemaker MM, Poelma MJ. The subtypes of developmental coordination disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2022;64(11):1366–74. PubMed PMC

Aertssen W, Bonney E, Ferguson G, Smits-Engelsman B. Subtyping children with developmental coordination disorder based on physical fitness outcomes. Hum Mov Sci. 2018;60:87–97. PubMed

Rivilis I, Hay J, Cairney J, Klentrou P, Liu J, Faught BE. Physical activity and fitness in children with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(3):894–910. PubMed

Henriksson P, Sandborg J, Henström M, Delisle Nyström C, Ek E, Ortega FB, et al. Body composition, physical fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in 9-year-old children. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2665. PubMed PMC

Wright KE, Furzer BJ, Licari MK, Thornton AL, Dimmock JA, Naylor LH, et al. Physiological characteristics, self-perceptions, and parental support of physical activity in children with, or at risk of, developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2019;84:66–74. PubMed

Tsai CL, Wu SK. Relationship of visual perceptual deficit and motor impairment in children with developmental coordination disorder. Percept Mot Skills. 2008;107(2):457–72. PubMed

Fogel Y, Stuart N, Joyce T, Barnett AL. Relationships between motor skills and executive functions in developmental coordination disorder (DCD): a systematic review. Scand J Occup Ther. 2023;30(3):344–56. PubMed

Dionne E, Bolduc MÈ, Majnemer A., Beauchamp MH, Brossard-Racine M. Academic challenges in developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2023;43(1):34–57. PubMed

Harrowell I, Hollén L, Lingam R, Emond A. The impact of developmental coordination disorder on educational achievement in secondary school. Res Dev Disabil. 2018;72:13–22. PubMed PMC

Cairney J, Hay JA, Faught BE, Wade TJ, Corna L, Flouris A. Developmental coordination disorder, generalized self-efficacy toward physical activity, and participation in organized and free play activities. J Pediatr. 2005;147(4):515–20. PubMed

Gasser-Haas O, Sticca F, Wustmann Seiler C. Poor motor performance - do peers matter? Examining the role of peer relations in the context of the environmental stress hypothesis. Front Psychol. 2020;11:498. PubMed PMC

Mancini VO, Rigoli D, Cairney J, Roberts LD, Piek JP. The elaborated environmental stress hypothesis as a Framework for understanding the association between motor skills and internalizing problems: a Mini-review. Front Psychol. 2016;7:239. PubMed PMC

Bystritsky A, Kronemyer D. Stress and anxiety: counterpart elements of the stress/anxiety complex. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37(4):489–518. PubMed

Cairney J, Rigoli D, Piek J. Developmental coordination disorder and internalizing problems in children: the environmental stress hypothesis elaborated. Dev Rev. 2013;33(3):224–38.

Estevan I, Barnett LM. Considerations related to the definition, measurement and analysis of perceived motor competence. Sports Med. 2018;48(12):2685–94. PubMed

Harter S, Pike R. The pictorial scale of perceived competence and social acceptance for young children. Child Dev. 1984;55(6):1969–82. PubMed

Poulsen AA, Ziviani JM, Johnson H, Cuskelly M. Loneliness and life satisfaction of boys with developmental coordination disorder: the impact of leisure participation and perceived freedom in leisure. Hum Mov Sci. 2008;27(2):325–43. PubMed

Khodaverdi Z, Bahram A, Stodden D, Kazemnejad A. The relationship between actual motor competence and physical activity in children: mediating roles of perceived motor competence and health-related physical fitness. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(16):1523–9. PubMed

Khairati F, Stewart N, Zwicker JG. How developmental coordination disorder affects daily life: the adolescent perspective. Res Dev Disabil. 2024;144 PubMed

Find record

Citation metrics

Loading data ...

Archiving options

Loading data ...