This study explored how the human cortical folding pattern composed of convex gyri and concave sulci affected single-subject morphological brain networks, which are becoming an important method for studying the human brain connectome. We found that gyri-gyri networks exhibited higher morphological similarity, lower small-world parameters, and lower long-term test-retest reliability than sulci-sulci networks for cortical thickness- and gyrification index-based networks, while opposite patterns were observed for fractal dimension-based networks. Further behavioral association analysis revealed that gyri-gyri networks and connections between gyral and sulcal regions significantly explained inter-individual variance in Cognition and Motor domains for fractal dimension- and sulcal depth-based networks. Finally, the clinical application showed that only sulci-sulci networks exhibited morphological similarity reductions in major depressive disorder for cortical thickness-, fractal dimension-, and gyrification index-based networks. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the constraint of the cortical folding pattern to the network organization of the human brain.

Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China

Department of Air Transport Faculty of Transportation Sciences Czech Technical University Prague Prague 128 00 Czech Republic

Department of Radiology The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510405 China

Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China

Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China

Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Education Sciences Ministry of Education Guangzhou 510631 China

School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences Islamabad 44000 Pakistan

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