The largely binary nature of biological sex and its conflation with the socially constructed concept of gender has created much strife in the last few years. The notion of gender identity and its differences and similarities with sex have fostered much scientific and legal confusion and disagreement. Settling the debate can have significant repercussions for science, medicine, legislation, and people's lives. The present review addresses this debate though different levels of analysis (i.e., genetic, anatomical, physiological, behavioral, and sociocultural), and their implications and interactions. We propose a rationale where both perspectives coexist, where diversity is the default, establishing a delimitation to the conflation between sex and gender, while acknowledging their interaction. Whereas sex in humans and other mammals is a biological reality that is largely binary and based on genes, chromosomes, anatomy, and physiology, gender is a sociocultural construct that is often, but not always, concordant with a person' sex, and can span a multitude of expressions.

Center for Sexual Health and Intervention Czech National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic

Departamento de Psicología y Filosofía Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Universidad de Tarapacá Arica Arica y Parinacota Chile

Department of Psychology and Life Sciences Charles University Prague 18200 Czech Republic

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Yes, Sex and Gender Have Separate Identities!

Alzheimer disease seen through the lens of sex and gender