Alzheimer disease (AD) is a life-limiting neurodegenerative disorder that disproportionately affects women. Indeed, sex and gender are emerging as crucial modifiers of diagnostic and therapeutic pathways in AD. This Review provides an overview of the interactions of sex and gender with important developments in AD and offers insights into priorities for future research to facilitate the development and implementation of personalized approaches in the shifting paradigm of AD care. In particular, this Review focuses on the influence of sex and gender on important advances in the treatment and diagnosis of AD, including disease-modifying therapies, fluid-based biomarkers, cognitive assessment tools and multidomain lifestyle interventional studies.

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Slone Center of Epidemiology Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA USA

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Neurology Medicine and Epidemiology Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine and School of Public Health Boston MA USA

Department of Epidemiology and Prevention Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston Salem NC USA

Department of Gynecology Breast and Menopause Clinic University Hospital Coupure Menopause Centre Ghent Belgium

Division of Clinical Geriatrics Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden

Euro Mediterranean Economists Association Barcelona Spain

Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine University of Lucerne Lucerne Switzerland

Krembil Brain Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada

Memory Clinic Department of Neurology 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Motol University Hospital Prague Czech Republic

Neuro Policy Program Center for Health and Biosciences The Baker Institute for Public Policy Rice University Houston TX USA

Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada

The Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK

The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia

Women's Brain Foundation Basel Switzerland

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