Chae, S, McDowell, KW, Baur, ML, Long, SA, Tufano, JJ, and Stone, MH. Accentuated eccentric loading and alternative set structures: A narrative review for potential synergies in resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 38(11): 1987-2000, 2024-As athletes become adapted to training over time, it becomes more difficult to develop their strength and power. In a conventional resistance training strategy, volume or load may be increased to provide novel stimuli to break through a plateau. However, physiological stress markers increase with increased volume or load, which is an innate shortcoming. In that case, practitioners strive to develop unconventional strategies that could increase training stimuli while adjusting fatigue. Two programming tactics, accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) using eccentric overload and alternative set structures (AS) using intraset rests, have been reported to increase training stimuli and alleviate fatigue, respectively. Importantly, when merging AEL and AS in various contexts, the 2 benefits could be accomplished together. Because AEL and AS cause different outcomes, it is important to deal with when and how they may be integrated into periodization. Moreover, prescribing eccentric overload and intraset rests requires logistical considerations that need to be addressed. This review discusses the scientific and practical aspects of AEL and AS to further optimize strength and power adaptations. This review discusses (a) scientific evidence as to which tactic is effective for a certain block, (b) potential practical applications, and (c) related discussions and future research directions.

Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education Department of Sport Exercise Recreation and Kinesiology East Tennessee State University Johnson City Tennessee

Department of Human Movement Sciences Carroll University Waukesha Wisconsin

Department of Kinesiology Coastal Carolina University Conway South Carolina

Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science Sacred Heart University Fairfield Connecticut; and

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Aboodarda SJ, Yusof A, Abu Osman NA, Thompson MW, Mokhtar AH. Enhanced performance with elastic resistance during the eccentric phase of a countermovement jump. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 8: 181–187, 2013.

Api G, Legnani RFDS, Foschiera DB, Clemente FM, Legnani E. Influence of cluster sets on mechanical and perceptual variables in adolescent athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20: 2810–2829, 2023.

Aravena-Sagardia P, García-Sandoval A, Barramuño M, et al. Effects of intra-set rest on morphological variables, maximal strength and jump performance in university students. Int J Morphol 39: 274–281, 2021.

Arazi H, Khanmohammadi A, Asadi A, Haff GG. The effect of resistance training set configuration on strength, power, and hormonal adaptation in female volleyball players. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43: 154–164, 2018.

Arazi H, Khoshnoud A, Asadi A, Tufano JJ. The effect of resistance training set configuration on strength and muscular performance adaptations in male powerlifters. Sci Rep 11: 7844, 2021.

Armstrong R, Baltzopoulos V, Langan-Evans C, et al. An investigation of movement dynamics and muscle activity during traditional and accentuated-eccentric squatting. PLoS One 17: e0276096, 2022.

Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, García-Ramos A, et al. Acute mechanical and skin temperature responses to different interrepetition rest intervals during full-squat exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 18: 674–681, 2023.

Bartolomei S, Totti V, Nigro F, et al. A comparison between the recovery responses following an eccentrically loaded bench press protocol vs. regular loading in highly trained men. J Hum Kinet 68: 59–67, 2019.

Bauer P, Uebellacker F, Mitter B, et al. Combining higher-load and lower-load resistance training exercises: A systematic review and meta-analysis of findings from complex training studies. J Sci Med Sport 22: 838–851, 2019.

Blazevich AJ, Babault N. Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans: Historical perspective, underlying mechanisms, and current issues. Front Physiol 10: 1359, 2019.

Boffey D, Clark NW, Fukuda DH. Efficacy of rest redistribution during squats: Considerations for strength and sex. J Strength Cond Res 35: 586–595, 2021.

Boullosa DA, Abreu L, Beltrame LGN, Behm DG. The acute effect of different half squat set configurations on jump potentiation. J Strength Cond Res 27: 2059–2066, 2013.

Boyaci A, Kizilet T. Acute effects of cluster set and traditional set post-activation potentiation protocols on vertical jump performance. Eur J Phys Educ Sport Sci 9: 38–49, 2023.

Carroll KM, Bazyler CD, Bernards JR, et al. Skeletal muscle fiber adaptations following resistance training using repetition maximums or relative intensity. Sports (Basel) 7: E169, 2019.

Carroll KM, Bernards JR, Bazyler CD, et al. Divergent performance outcomes following resistance training using repetition maximums or relative intensity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 14: 46–54, 2019.

Castro AH, Zangakis D, Moir GL. The effects of accentuated eccentric loading on mechanical variables and agonist electromyography during the bench press. Sports (Basel) 8: E79, 2020.

Chae S, Bailey CA, Hill DW, McMullen SM, Moses SA, Vingren JL. Acute kinetic and kinematic responses to rest redistribution with heavier loads in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 37: 987–993, 2023.

Chae S, Hill DW, Bailey CA, Moses SA, McMullen SM, Vingren JL. Acute physiological and perceptual responses to rest redistribution with heavier loads in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 37: 994–1000, 2023.

Chae S, Long SA, Lis RP, et al. Combined accentuated eccentric loading and rest redistribution in high-volume back squat: Acute kinetics and kinematics. J Strength Cond Res 38: 640–647, 2024.

Chae S, Long SA, Lis RP, et al. Combined accentuated eccentric loading and rest redistribution in high-volume back squat: Acute stimulus and fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 38: 648–655, 2024.

Chakshuraksha P, Apanukul S. Effects of accentuated eccentric loading combined with plyometric training on strength, power, speed, and agility in male rugby players. J Exerc Physiol Online 24: 21–29, 2021.

Ci̇n M, Çabuk R, Demi̇rarar O, Özçaldiran B. Cluster resistance training results higher improvements on sprint, agility, strength and vertical jump in professional volleyball players. Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Sci 13: 234–240, 2021.

Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Developing maximal neuromuscular power: Part 1 - biological basis of maximal power production. Sports Med 41: 17–38, 2011.

Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Developing maximal neuromuscular power: Part 2 - training considerations for improving maximal power production. Sports Med 41: 125–146, 2011.

Cowell JF, Cronin J, Brughelli M. Eccentric muscle actions and how the strength and conditioning specialist might use them for a variety of purposes. Strength Cond J 34: 33–48, 2012.

Crewther B, Cronin J, Keogh J. Possible stimuli for strength and power adaptation: Acute mechanical responses. Sports Med 35: 967–989, 2005.

Crewther B, Cronin J, Keogh J. Possible stimuli for strength and power adaptation: Acute metabolic responses. Sports Med 36: 65–78, 2006.

Crewther B, Keogh J, Cronin J, Cook C. Possible stimuli for strength and power adaptation: Acute hormonal responses. Sports Med 36: 215–238, 2006.

Cuevas-Aburto J, Jukic I, González-Hernández JM, et al. Effect of resistance-training programs differing in set configuration on maximal strength and explosive-action performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 16: 243–249, 2021.

Cunanan AJ, DeWeese BH, Wagle JP, et al. The general adaptation syndrome: A foundation for the concept of periodization. Sports Med 48: 787–797, 2018.

Davies TB, Andersen JT, Halaki M, Orr R, Hackett DA. Effect of high-volume cluster sets versus lower-volume traditional sets on muscular performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 62: 1456–1464, 2022.

Davies TB, Halaki M, Orr R, et al. Effect of set-structure on upper-body muscular hypertrophy and performance in recreationally-trained male and female. J Strength Cond Res 36: 2176–2185, 2022.

Davies TB, Halaki M, Orr R, Helms ER, Hackett DA. Changes in bench press velocity and power after 8 weeks of high-load cluster- or traditional-set structures. J Strength Cond Res 34: 2734–2742, 2020.

Davies TB, Tran DL, Hogan CM, Haff GG, Latella C. Chronic effects of altering resistance training set configurations using cluster sets: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 51: 707–736, 2021.

Dello Iacono A, Beato M, Halperin I. The effects of cluster-set and traditional-set postactivation potentiation protocols on vertical jump performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 15: 464–469, 2019.

Dello Iacono A, Hillan J, Watson K. Personalizing resistance training mitigates neuromuscular and perceived fatigue: The autoregulation cluster training method. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 18: 503–511, 2023.

Denton J, Cronin JB. Kinematic, kinetic, and blood lactate profiles of continuous and intraset rest loading schemes. J Strength Cond Res 20: 528–534, 2006.

Doan BK, Newton RU, Marsit JL, et al. Effects of increased eccentric loading on bench press 1RM. J Strength Cond Res 16: 9–13, 2002.

Drinkwater EJ, Lawton TW, Lindsell RP, Pyne DB, Hunt PH, McKenna MJ. Training leading to repetition failure enhances bench press strength gains in elite junior athletes. J Strength Cond Res 19: 382–388, 2005.

Dudley CE, Drinkwater EJ, Feros SA. Different cluster-loading protocols have no effect on intraset and interset power expression. J Strength Cond Res 36: 1763–1769, 2020.

Finlay MJ, Bridge CA, Greig M, Page RM. Upper-body post-activation performance enhancement for athletic performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis and recommendations for future research. Sports Med 52: 847–871, 2022.

Folland JP, Williams AG. The adaptations to strength training: Morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. Sports Med 37: 145–168, 2007.

Friedmann B, Kinscherf R, Vorwald S, et al. Muscular adaptations to computer-guided strength training with eccentric overload. Acta Physiol Scand 182: 77–88, 2004.

Friedmann-Bette B, Bauer T, Kinscherf R, et al. Effects of strength training with eccentric overload on muscle adaptation in male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 108: 821–836, 2010.

Friedmann-Bette B, Lornsen H, Parstorfer M, et al. Gene expression changes in vastus lateralis muscle after different strength training regimes during rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. PLoS One 16: e0258635, 2021.

Friedmann-Bette B, Profit F, Gwechenberger T, et al. Strength training effects on muscular regeneration after ACL reconstruction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 50: 1152–1161, 2018.

Fry AC. The role of resistance exercise intensity on muscle fibre adaptations. Sports Med 34: 663–679, 2004.

Girman JC, Jones MT, Matthews TD, Wood RJ. Acute effects of a cluster-set protocol on hormonal, metabolic and performance measures in resistance-trained males. Eur J Sport Sci 14: 151–159, 2014.

Godwin MS, Fearnett T, Newman MA. The potentiating response to accentuated eccentric loading in professional football players. Sports (Basel) 9: 160, 2021.

González-Badillo JJ, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Sánchez-Medina L, et al. Short-term recovery following resistance exercise leading or not to failure. Int J Sports Med 37: 295–304, 2016.

González-Hernández JM, Jiménez-Reyes P, Cerón JJ, et al. Response of muscle damage markers to an accentuated eccentric training protocol: Do serum and saliva measurements agree? J Strength Cond Res 36: 2132–2138, 2022.

Grgic J, Mikulic P. Tapering practices of Croatian open-class powerlifting champions. J Strength Cond Res 31: 2371–2378, 2017.

Gross M, Seiler J, Grédy B, Lüthy F. Kinematic and kinetic characteristics of repetitive countermovement jumps with accentuated eccentric loading. Sports (Basel) 10: 74, 2022.

Guardado IM, Guerra AM, Pino BS, Camacho GO, Andrada RT. Acute responses of muscle oxygen saturation during different cluster training configurations in resistance-trained individuals. Biol Sport 38: 367–376, 2021.

Haff GG, Burgess S, Stone MH. Cluster training: Theoretical and practical applications for the strength and conditioning professional. Prof Strength Cond 12: 12–17, 2008.

Haff GG, Hobbs RT, Haff EE, Sands WA, Pierce KC, Stone MH. Cluster training: A novel method for introducing training program variation. Strength Cond J 30: 67–76, 2008.

Haff GG, Whitley A, McCoy LB, et al. Effects of different set configurations on barbell velocity and displacement during a clean pull. J Strength Cond Res 17: 95–103, 2003.

Handford MJ, Rivera FM, Maroto-Izquierdo S, Hughes JD. Plyo-accentuated eccentric loading methods to enhance lower limb muscle power. Strength Cond J 43: 54–64, 2021.

Hansen KT, Cronin JB, Pickering SL, Newton MJ. Does cluster loading enhance lower body power development in preseason preparation of elite rugby union players? J Strength Cond Res 25: 2118–2126, 2011.

Hardee JP, Lawrence MM, Utter AC, Triplett NT, Zwetsloot KA, McBride JM. Effect of inter-repetition rest on ratings of perceived exertion during multiple sets of the power clean. Eur J Appl Physiol 112: 3141–3147, 2012.

Hardee JP, Triplett NT, Utter AC, Zwetsloot KA, Mcbride JM. Effect of interrepetition rest on power output in the power clean. J Strength Cond Res 26: 883–889, 2012.

Harrison AJ, Byrne P, Sundar S. The effects of added mass on the biomechanics and performance of countermovement jumps. J Sports Sci 37: 1591–1599, 2019.

Iglesias E, Boullosa DA, Dopico X, Carballeira E. Analysis of factors that influence the maximum number of repetitions in two upper-body resistance exercises: Curl biceps and bench press. J Strength Cond Res 24: 1566–1572, 2010.

Iglesias-Soler E, Carballeira E, Sánchez-Otero T, Mayo X, Fernández-del-Olmo M. Performance of maximum number of repetitions with cluster-set configuration. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 9: 637–642, 2014.

Izquierdo M, Ibañez J, González-Badillo JJ, et al. Differential effects of strength training leading to failure versus not to failure on hormonal responses, strength, and muscle power gains. J Appl Physiol 100: 1647–1656, 2006.

Jukic I, Helms ER, McGuigan MR, García-Ramos A. Using cluster and rest redistribution set structures as alternatives to resistance training prescription method based on velocity loss thresholds. PeerJ 10: e13195, 2022.

Jukic I, Ramos AG, Helms ER, McGuigan MR, Tufano JJ. Acute effects of cluster and rest redistribution set structures on mechanical, metabolic, and perceptual fatigue during and after resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 50: 2209–2236, 2020.

Jukic I, Tufano JJ. Shorter but more frequent rest periods: No effect on velocity and power compared to traditional sets not performed to failure. J Hum Kinet 66: 257–268, 2019.

Jukic I, Tufano JJ. Rest redistribution functions as a free and ad-hoc equivalent to commonly used velocity-based training thresholds during clean pulls at different loads. J Hum Kinet 68: 5–16, 2019.

Jukic I, Tufano JJ. Acute effects of shorter but more frequent rest periods on mechanical and perceptual fatigue during a weightlifting derivative at different loads in strength-trained men. Sports Biomech 21: 1122–1135, 2020.

Jukic I, Tufano JJ. Traditional 3- to 5-minute interset rest periods may not be necessary when performing fewer repetitions per set: Using clean pulls as an example. J Strength Cond Res 36: 3015–3022, 2022.

Jukic I, Van Hooren B, Ramos AG, Helms ER, McGuigan MR, Tufano JJ. The effects of set structure manipulation on chronic adaptations to resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 51: 1061–1086, 2021.

Karsten B, Fu YL, Larumbe-Zabala E, Seijo M, Naclerio F. Impact of two high-volume set configuration workouts on resistance training outcomes in recreationally trained men. J Strength Cond Res 35: S136–S143, 2021.

Kristiansen EL, Larsen S, van den Tillaar R. The acute effect of accentuated eccentric overloading upon the kinematics and myoelectric activity in the eccentric and concentric phase of a traditional bench press. Sports (Basel) 10: 6, 2021.

Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Stastny P, Golas A. Post-activation performance enhancement in the bench press throw: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 11: 598628, 2020.

Latella C, Teo W-P, Drinkwater EJ, Kendall K, Haff GG. The acute neuromuscular responses to cluster set resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 49: 1861–1877, 2019.

Lates AD, Greer BK, Wagle JP, Taber CB. Accentuated eccentric loading and cluster set configurations in the bench press. J Strength Cond Res 36: 1485–1489, 2022.

Lawton T, Cronin J, Drinkwater E, Lindsell R, Pyne D. The effect of continuous repetition training and intra-set rest training on bench press strength and power. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 44: 361–367, 2004.

Mayo X, Iglesias-Soler E, Fariñas-Rodríguez J, Fernández-Del-Olmo M, Kingsley JD. Exercise type affects cardiac vagal autonomic recovery after a resistance training session. J Strength Cond Res 30: 2565–2573, 2016.

Mayo X, Iglesias-Soler E, Fernández-Del-Olmo M. Effects of set configuration of resistance exercise on perceived exertion. Percept Mot Skills 119: 825–837, 2014.

Merrigan J, Borth J, Taber C, Suchomel T, Jones M. Application of accentuated eccentric loading to elicit acute and chronic velocity and power improvements: A narrative review. Int J Strength Cond 2, 2022.

Merrigan JJ, Jones MT. Acute inflammatory, cortisol, and soreness responses to supramaximal accentuated eccentric loading. J Strength Cond Res 35: S107–S113, 2021.

Merrigan JJ, Tufano JJ, Falzone M, Jones MT. Effectiveness of accentuated eccentric loading: Contingent on concentric load. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 16: 66–72, 2021.

Merrigan JJ, Tufano JJ, Fields JB, Oliver JM, Jones MT. Rest redistribution does not alter hormone responses in resistance-trained women. J Strength Cond Res 34: 1867–1874, 2020.

Merrigan JJ, Tufano JJ, Jones MT. Potentiating effects of accentuated eccentric loading are dependent upon relative strength. J Strength Cond Res 35: 1208–1216, 2021.

Merrigan JJ, Tufano JJ, Oliver JM, White JB, Fields JB, Jones MT. Reducing the loss of velocity and power in women athletes via rest redistribution. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 15: 255–261, 2020.

Minetti AE. On the mechanical power of joint extensions as affected by the change in muscle force (or cross-sectional area), ceteris paribus. Eur J Appl Physiol 86: 363–369, 2002.

Montalvo S, Gruber LD, Gonzalez MP, Dietze-Hermosa MS, Dorgo S. Effects of augmented eccentric load bench press training on one repetition maximum performance and electromyographic activity in trained powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 35: 1512–1519, 2021.

Moore CA, Schilling BK. Theory and application of augmented eccentric loading. Strength Cond J 27: 20–27, 2005.

Moquin PA, Wetmore AB, Carroll KM, Fry AC, Hornsby WG, Stone MH. Lean body mass and muscle cross-sectional area adaptations among college age males with different strength levels across 11 weeks of block periodized programmed resistance training. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 4735, 2021.

Morán-Navarro R, Pérez CE, Mora-Rodríguez R, et al. Time course of recovery following resistance training leading or not to failure. Eur J Appl Physiol 117: 2387–2399, 2017.

Munger CN, Jones BC, Halloran IJ, et al. Short-term effects of eccentric overload versus traditional back squat training on strength and power. Int J Kinesiol Sports Sci 10: 1–8, 2022.

Nagatani T, Haff GG, Guppy SN, Kendall KL. Practical application of traditional and cluster set configurations within a resistance training program. Strength Cond J 44: 87–101, 2022.

Nagatani T, Haff GG, Guppy SN, Poon W, Kendall KL. Effect of different set configurations on barbell trajectories during the power snatch. Int J Sports Sci Coach: 17479541221116965, 2022.

Nagatani T, Kendall KL, Guppy SN, Poon WCK, Haff GG. Effect of 3 different set configurations on kinematic variables and internal loads during a power snatch session. J Strength Cond Res 37: 1929–1938, 2023.

Nicholson G, Ispoglou T, Bissas A. The impact of repetition mechanics on the adaptations resulting from strength-hypertrophy- and cluster-type resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 116: 1875–1888, 2016.

Nickerson BS, Mangine GT, Williams TD, Martinez IA. Effect of cluster set warm-up configurations on sprint performance in collegiate male soccer players. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43: 625–630, 2018.

Nickerson BS, Williams TD, Snarr RL, Park K-S. Individual and combined effect of inter-repetition rest and elastic bands on jumping potentiation in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 33: 2087–2093, 2019.

Ojasto T, Häkkinen K. Effects of different accentuated eccentric load levels in eccentric-concentric actions on acute neuromuscular, maximal force, and power responses. J Strength Cond Res 23: 996–1004, 2009.

Ojasto T, Häkkinen K. Effects of different accentuated eccentric loads on acute neuromuscular, growth hormone, and blood lactate responses during a hypertrophic protocol. J Strength Cond Res 23: 946–953, 2009.

Oliver JM, Jagim AR, Sanchez AC, et al. Greater gains in strength and power with intraset rest intervals in hypertrophic training. J Strength Cond Res 27: 3116–3131, 2013.

Oliver JM, Jenke SC, Mata JD, Kreutzer A, Jones MT. Acute effect of cluster and traditional set configurations on myokines associated with hypertrophy. Int J Sports Med 37: 1019–1024, 2016.

Oliver JM, Kreutzer A, Jenke S, Phillips MD, Mitchell JB, Jones MT. Acute response to cluster sets in trained and untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 115: 2383–2393, 2015.

Oliver JM, Kreutzer A, Jenke SC, Phillips MD, Mitchell JB, Jones MT. Velocity drives greater power observed during back squat using cluster sets. J Strength Cond Res 30: 235–243, 2016.

Ortega-Becerra M, Sánchez-Moreno M, Pareja-Blanco F. Effects of cluster set configuration on mechanical performance and neuromuscular activity. J Strength Cond Res 35: 310–317, 2021.

Painter KB, Haff GG, Ramsey MW, et al. Strength gains: Block versus daily undulating periodization weight training among track and field athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 7: 161–169, 2012.

Painter KB, Haff GG, Triplett NT, et al. Resting hormone alterations and injuries: Block vs. DUP weight-training among D-1 track and field athletes. Sports (Basel) 6: E3, 2018.

Piqueras-Sanchiz F, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, et al. Acute mechanical, neuromuscular, and metabolic responses to different set configurations in resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 36: 2983–2991, 2022.

Pistilli EE, Kaminsky DE, Totten L, Miller D. An 8-week periodized mesocycle leading to a national level weightlifting competition. Strength Cond J 26: 62–68, 2004.

Pistilli EE, Kaminsky DE, Totten LM, Miller DR. Incorporating one week of planned overreaching into the training program of weightlifters. Strength Cond J 30: 39–44, 2008.

Prieske O, Behrens M, Chaabene H, Granacher U, Maffiuletti NA. Time to differentiate postactivation “potentiation” from “performance enhancement” in the strength and conditioning community. Sports Med 50: 1559–1565, 2020.

Rial-Vázquez J, Mayo X, Tufano JJ, Fariñas J, Rúa-Alonso M, Iglesias-Soler E. Cluster vs. traditional training programmes: Changes in the force-velocity relationship. Sports Biomech 21: 85–103, 2022.

Rúa-Alonso M, Mayo X, Mota J, Kingsley JD, Iglesias-Soler E. A short set configuration attenuates the cardiac parasympathetic withdrawal after a whole-body resistance training session. Eur J Appl Physiol 120: 1905–1919, 2020.

Sale DG. Postactivation potentiation: Role in human performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 30: 138–143, 2002.

Salvador AF, Askow AT, McKenna CF, et al. Resistance exercise-induced regulation of muscle protein synthesis to intraset rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc 52: 1022–1030, 2020.

Sheppard J, Newton R, McGuigan M. The effect of accentuated eccentric load on jump kinetics in high-performance volleyball players. Int J Sports Sci Coach 2: 267–273, 2007.

Sirieiro P, Nasser I, Dobbs WC, Willardson JM, Miranda H. The effect of set configuration and load on post-activation potentiation on vertical jump in athletes. Int J Exerc Sci 14: 902–911, 2021.

Stone JD, King AC, Goto S, et al. Joint-level analyses of the back squat with and without intraset rest. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 14: 583–589, 2019.

Stone MH, Hornsby WG, Haff GG, et al. Periodization and block periodization in sports: Emphasis on strength-power training-a provocative and challenging narrative. J Strength Cond Res 35: 2351–2371, 2021.

Stone MH, Hornsby WG, Suarez DG, Duca M, Pierce KC. Training specificity for athletes: Emphasis on strength-power training: A narrative review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 7: 102, 2022.

Stone MH, Stone ME, Sands WA, et al. Maximum strength and strength Training—a relationship to endurance? Strength Cond J 28: 44–53, 2006.

Su EY-S, Carroll TJ, Farris DJ, Lichtwark GA. Musculoskeletal simulations to examine the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on jump height. PeerJ 11: e14687, 2023.

Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Bellon CR, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength: Training considerations. Sports Med 48: 765–785, 2018.

Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Med 46: 1419–1449, 2016.

Suchomel TJ, Wagle JP, Douglas J, et al. Implementing eccentric resistance training-Part 1: A brief review of existing methods. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 4: E38, 2019.

Suchomel TJ, Wagle JP, Douglas J, et al. Implementing eccentric resistance training-Part 2: Practical recommendations. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 4: E55, 2019.

Taber C, Butler C, Dabek V, et al. The effects of accentuated eccentric loading on barbell and trap bar countermovement jumps. Int J Strength Cond 3, 2023. Available at: https://journal.iusca.org/index.php/Journal/article/view/213 .

Taber CB, Morris JR, Wagle JP, Merrigan JJ. Accentuated eccentric loading in the bench press: Considerations for eccentric and concentric loading. Sports (Basel) 9: 54, 2021.

van den Tillaar R, Kwan K. The effects of augmented eccentric loading upon kinematics and muscle activation in bench press performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 5: E8, 2020.

Tillin NA, Bishop D. Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Sports Med 39: 147–166, 2009.

Torrejón A, Janicijevic D, Haff GG, García-Ramos A. Acute effects of different set configurations during a strength-oriented resistance training session on barbell velocity and the force-velocity relationship in resistance-trained males and females. Eur J Appl Physiol 119: 1409–1417, 2019.

Travis SK, Mujika I, Gentles JA, Stone MH, Bazyler CD. Tapering and peaking maximal strength for powerlifting performance: A review. Sports (Basel) 8: E125, 2020.

Tseng K-W, Chen J-R, Chow J-J, et al. Post-activation performance enhancement after a bout of accentuated eccentric loading in collegiate male volleyball players. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 13110–13121, 2021.

Tufano JJ, Brown LE, Haff GG. Theoretical and practical aspects of different cluster set structures: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 31: 848–867, 2017.

Tufano JJ, Conlon JA, Nimphius S, et al. Maintenance of velocity and power with cluster sets during high-volume back squats. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 11: 885–892, 2016.

Tufano JJ, Conlon JA, Nimphius S, et al. Cluster sets: Permitting greater mechanical stress without decreasing relative velocity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12: 463–469, 2017.

Turner AN, Comfort P, McMahon J, et al. Developing powerful athletes Part 1: Mechanical underpinnings. Strength Cond J 42: 30–39, 2020.

Turner AN, Comfort P, McMahon J, et al. Developing powerful athletes Part 2: Practical applications. Strength Cond J 43: 23–31, 2021.

Vincent HK, Percival S, Creasy R, et al. Acute effects of enhanced eccentric and concentric resistance exercise on metabolism and inflammation. J Nov Physiother 4: 200, 2014.

Wagle JP, Cunanan AJ, Carroll KM, et al. Accentuated eccentric loading and cluster set configurations in the back squat: A kinetic and kinematic analysis. J Strength Cond Res 35: 420–427, 2021.

Wagle JP, Taber CB, Carroll KM, et al. Repetition-to-repetition differences using cluster and accentuated eccentric loading in the back squat. Sports (Basel) 6: E59, 2018.

Wagle JP, Taber CB, Cunanan AJ, et al. Accentuated eccentric loading for training and performance: A review. Sports Med 47: 2473–2495, 2017.

Walker S, Blazevich AJ, Haff GG, Tufano JJ, Newton RU, Häkkinen K. Greater strength gains after training with accentuated eccentric than traditional isoinertial loads in already strength-trained men. Front Physiol 7: 149, 2016.

Walker S, Häkkinen K, Haff GG, Blazevich AJ, Newton RU. Acute elevations in serum hormones are attenuated after chronic training with traditional isoinertial but not accentuated eccentric loads in strength-trained men. Physiol Rep 5: e13241, 2017.

Walker S, Trezise J, Haff GG, Newton RU, Häkkinen K, Blazevich AJ. Increased fascicle length but not patellar tendon stiffness after accentuated eccentric-load strength training in already-trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 120: 2371–2382, 2020.

Watkins P. Augmented eccentric loading: Theoretical and practical applications for the strength and conditioning professional. Prof Strength Cond 1: 3–11, 2010.

Wehrstein M, Schöffel A, Weiberg N, et al. Eccentric overload during resistance exercise: A stimulus for enhanced satellite cell activation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 54: 388–398, 2022.

Wetmore AB, Moquin PA, Carroll KM, Fry AC, Hornsby WG, Stone MH. The effect of training status on adaptations to 11 weeks of block periodization training. Sports (Basel) 8: E145, 2020.

Wetmore AB, Wagle JP, Sams ML, et al. Cluster set loading in the back squat: Kinetic and kinematic implications. J Strength Cond Res 33: S19–S25, 2019.

Yarrow JF, Borsa PA, Borst SE, Sitren HS, Stevens BR, White LJ. Neuroendocrine responses to an acute bout of eccentric-enhanced resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39: 941–947, 2007.

Yarrow JF, Borsa PA, Borst SE, Sitren HS, Stevens BR, White LJ. Early-phase neuroendocrine responses and strength adaptations following eccentric-enhanced resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 22: 1205–1214, 2008.

Zamparo P, Minetti AE, di Prampero PE. Interplay among the changes of muscle strength, cross-sectional area and maximal explosive power: Theory and facts. Eur J Appl Physiol 88: 193–202, 2002.

Zaras N, Stasinaki A-N, Mpampoulis T, Spiliopoulou P, Hadjicharalambous M, Terzis G. Effect of inter-repetition rest vs. traditional resistance training on the upper body strength rate of force development and triceps brachii muscle architecture. J Hum Kinet 81: 189–198, 2022.

Zarezadeh-Mehrizi A, Aminai M, Amiri-khorasani M. Effects of traditional and cluster resistance training on explosive power in soccer players. Iran J Health Phys Act 4: 51–56, 2013.