Cypermethrin (Cyp), a persistent synthetic pyrethroid insecticide widely used for insect control. The persistence of Cyp creates toxicity to both humans and the environment This study investigates biochar and Bacillus cereus distinct and collective effects on Cyp -contaminated soil during a 90-day incubation. This study also investigates the effects of different concentrations of Cyp (50, 100, ,500 to 1000 mg kg-1) on soil physicochemical and biological activities during a 90-day incubation period. Microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration rates decreased significantly across all cypermethrin concentrations, with the most substantial reductions observed at 1000 mg kg-1. However noticeable variations in soil enzymes and MBC over time during the entire incubation period. On 1st day, the GMean Enz and MBC rate for Cyp treatments (50, 100, ,500 to 1000 mg kg-1) ranged from 0.98 to 0.63, and 9.06, to 5.03, respectively. Under Cyp pollution, microbial biomass carbon exhibited significant decreases, with the highest inhibition (86.2%) at 1000 mg kg-1 on 1st day of incubation. Soil respiration rates dropped 77%, at 1000 mg kg-1, and Integrated biomarker response (IBR) values peaked on day 30, indicating environmental stress. Biochar and Bacillus cereus effectively facilitated the degradation of Cyp, achieving approximately 85% degradation within the first 45 days of the experiment. The combined application of biochar and Bacillus cereus increased soil pH to a neutral level from 5.9, to 7.1, reduced electrical conductivity from 1.41 µS cm- 1 to 1.20 µS cm-1, and elevated cation exchange capacity from 1.54 ± 0.04 to 6.18 C mol kg-1, while also improving organic carbon content to 3.135%. However, the dehydrogenase activity was decresed upto 47% in the combined application and all other enzymes including urasese catlayse and phostasese enzymes with Gmean enzymeatic activities were significantly improved. These findings suggest biochar and bacterial interaction for soil management to enhance soil resilience against pesticide stress.

College of Engineering University of Business and Technology Jeddah 21448 Saudi Arabia

Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat 2600 Pakistan

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Engineering Sustainable Energy Center of Excellency Addis Ababa Science and Technology University Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Department of Electrical Engineering Graphic Era Dehradun 248002 India

Department of Environmental Engineering Texas A and M University Kingsville USA

Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Biological Sciences Quaid i Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan

Department of Microbiology Abbottabad University of Science and Technology Hevelian Abbottabad 22500 Pakistan

Department of Physics Tezpur University Assam 784028 India

Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research Al Ahliyya Amman University Amman Jordan

Hubei Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Power Battery School of Mathematics Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Hubei University of Automotive Technology Shiyan 442002 People's Republic of China

New Technologies Research Centre University of West Bohemia Pilsen 30100 Czech Republic

State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control College of Food Sciences and Engineering Ocean University of China No 1299 Sansha Road Qingdao 266404 Shandong Province People's Republic of China

The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia Perth WA 6001 Australia

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